"Virus-associated cancer" (VAC) refers to a cancer where viral infection results in the malignant transformationof the host's infected cells. Examples of viruses linked to cancers are the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),which is associated with lymphomas, as well as nasopharyngeal and breast cancer; hepatitis B virus (HBV)and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which are both associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; and human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are associated with cancer of the cervix. We have recently demonstrated thatHIV-1-infected cells can be eliminated in vitro and in vivo by targeting viral glycoproteins expressed on thesurface of infected cells with radiolabeled viral protein-specific monoclonal antibodies and proposed that thisapproach can be applicable to the broad range of viral infectious diseases. In VAC, the tumor cells can exhibitviral antigens both internally or on their surfaces. As a result, viral antigens in tumors represent a potentialantigenic target that is clearly different from normal tissues. In principle, these proteins could be targetedby radioimmunotherapy (RIT). In this paper, we describe the potential of this approach and reviewsome of the issues involved in the development of this approach. RIT of VAC is fundamentally different fromthe previously described uses of RIT, which have targeted tumor-associated antigens that are "self" proteins.