Abstract:In this paper, the seasonal variation of the low-level atmospheric eddy kinetic energy (EKE) over the South China Sea (SCS) and its influences on the tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over this region were investigated. Different seasonal cycles of the low-level atmospheric EKE were identified between the northern and southern SCS. Although the minimum EKE occurred in the transition season of spring (March-May) in both northern and southern SCS, July-September were the most active EKE months over the northern SCS, while October-December were for the southern SCS. The energy processes for generation and maintenance of the low-level atmospheric EKE were analyzed based on the EKE tendency equation. Results suggested that eddy geopotential flux term made the largest contribution to the seasonal variation of EKE over the northern SCS, while the largest contributor was from the barotropic energy conversion term over the southern SCS. The months with the most active EKE coincided with the months with the maximum precipitation rate and TC formation number in both northern and southern SCS. TC formations over the SCS were closely related to the EKE tendency associated with the barotropic energy conversion. Regions of enhanced barotropic energy conversion favor the development of synoptic disturbances, which may further grow into TCs. By examining the relative importance of different components in the barotropic energy conversion term, the component associated with the shear of the zonal wind made the largest contribution over the northern SCS; by contrast, the largest contributor to enhanced barotropic energy conversions came from the component related with the convergence of the meridional wind over the southern SCS.?????

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	1. Seasonal variation of the low-level atmospheric eddy kinetic energy over the South China Sea and its influences on the tropical cyclone genesis
	WANG Lei
	Earth Science 29 June 2017
	Show/Hide Abstract \| Cite this paper︱Full-text: PDF (1397K B)

	Abstract:In this paper, the seasonal variation of the low-level atmospheric eddy kinetic energy (EKE) over the South China Sea (SCS) and its influences on the tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over this region were investigated. Different seasonal cycles of the low-level atmospheric EKE were identified between the northern and southern SCS. Although the minimum EKE occurred in the transition season of spring (March-May) in both northern and southern SCS, July-September were the most active EKE months over the northern SCS, while October-December were for the southern SCS. The energy processes for generation and maintenance of the low-level atmospheric EKE were analyzed based on the EKE tendency equation. Results suggested that eddy geopotential flux term made the largest contribution to the seasonal variation of EKE over the northern SCS, while the largest contributor was from the barotropic energy conversion term over the southern SCS. The months with the most active EKE coincided with the months with the maximum precipitation rate and TC formation number in both northern and southern SCS. TC formations over the SCS were closely related to the EKE tendency associated with the barotropic energy conversion. Regions of enhanced barotropic energy conversion favor the development of synoptic disturbances, which may further grow into TCs. By examining the relative importance of different components in the barotropic energy conversion term, the component associated with the shear of the zonal wind made the largest contribution over the northern SCS; by contrast, the largest contributor to enhanced barotropic energy conversions came from the component related with the convergence of the meridional wind over the southern SCS.?????
	TO cite this article:WANG Lei. Seasonal variation of the low-level atmospheric eddy kinetic energy over the South China Sea and its influences on the tropical cyclone genesis[OL].[29 June 2017] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4738238


	2. Middle Cambrian Diplocraterion parallelum from North China: Ethologic significance and facies controls
	Zhang Lijun,Buatois Luis M.,MáNGANO Gabriela M.,Qi yongan,Tai Chao
	Earth Science 28 April 2017
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	Abstract:The middle Cambrian Mantou Formation of the Mianchi section of western Henan Province, North China provides an opportunity to address infaunal colonization during the aftermath of the Cambrian explosion. The trace fossil Diplocraterion is common within intertidal very fine-grained sandstone of the Member II of the Mantou Formation (Stage 5). Diplocraterion consists of perpendicular to bedding plane, lined U-shaped burrows with well-developed marginal tubes, having distinctive, dark and light colored, laminae forming retrusive and protrusive spreiten reflecting the activity of a suspension feeder. No scratches are observed on the wall of the marginal tubes. SEM-EDS mapping detection shows that the dark laminae are dominated by Si, Al and Fe, whereas the light laminae are dominated by Ca and Si. Based on ichnological, stratigraphical and SEM-EDS features, it is suggested that the specimens of Diplocraterion studied here results from the equilibrium behavior and that the delayed appearance of this ichnotaxon in North China is due to lack of appropriate siliciclastic facies.
	TO cite this article:Zhang Lijun,Buatois Luis M.,MáNGANO Gabriela M., et al. Middle Cambrian Diplocraterion parallelum from North China: Ethologic significance and facies controls[OL].[28 April 2017] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4730535

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	3. The internal anatomy and the cell movement of Lower Cambrian gastrula
	YAO Xiaoyong,ZHENG Yajuan,GUO Junfeng,HAN Jian
	Earth Science 29 March 2017
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	Abstract:The extraordinarily well-preserved fossil embryos recovered from the Lower Cambrian are known from both cleavage and gastrula stages and, consequently, it has the potential to yield vital insights into developmental evolution at that time. However, they are not generally accepted as gastrula fossils because of the gastrulation processes and internal structures in these embryos are poorly characterized. Here we show rare gastrula specimens in which internal anatomical features preserved. The yolk consumed in the endoderm formation and the pharynx was appeared after the archenteron formed indicates our embryo fossils are most probably 'direct-developing' animals; although the epibolic gastrulation and radial symmetry suggest a cnidaria Sea anemone affinity, the precise phylogenic position of them is still uncertain because of lacking reliable later stages in development; we also present the cell movement of epibolic gastrulas, the embryonic mechanisms have been compared with modern pattern: enveloping layer extension were observed in our fossils; and similar with purse-string-like contraction of marginal cells, the zigzag margin contraction of the epibolic frontier to reduce their perimeter that push the margin forward, all of which hint that the embryonic mechanisms of the modern embryos had evolved in Lower Cambrian.
	TO cite this article:YAO Xiaoyong,ZHENG Yajuan,GUO Junfeng, et al. The internal anatomy and the cell movement of Lower Cambrian gastrula[OL].[29 March 2017] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4723528


	4. Using springtime Atlantic SST as a predictor for summertime western North Pacific subtropical high
	WANG Lei
	Earth Science 23 March 2017
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	Abstract:The potential of using springtime Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) to predict the intensity of summertime western north Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) was examined. The results indicated that springtime north tropical Atlantic (NTA) SST had a close correlation with summertime WNPSH and could be used as a predictor. Since the early-1990s, the springtime NTA SST tended to have higher correlations with the WNPSH intensity, compared with other springtime predictors including the Indo-Pacific SST, El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) tendency and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Physically, the NTA SST could influence the WNPSH intensity by inducing the subtropical teleconnection and/or anomalous cross-basin vertical overturning circulation linking the tropical Atlantic and western Pacific. Both statistical relationship and underlying physical mechanism support the springtime NTA SST as a predictor for summertime WNPSH intensity. Including the springtime NTA SST as a predictor in the empirical prediction model could increase the prediction skill for summertime WNPSH intensity.?
	TO cite this article:WANG Lei. Using springtime Atlantic SST as a predictor for summertime western North Pacific subtropical high[OL].[23 March 2017] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4722971


	5. Association of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet with the Southwest Asian summer monsoon: A diagnostic analysis on heavy rain events in Yunnan Province, China
	CHEN Jie,JIN Liya
	Earth Science 23 February 2017
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	Abstract:By using daily observations and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data during 1960-2011, a diagnostic analysis is performed to investigate the association of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EASWJ) with the Southwest Asian summer monsoon (SASM) on heavy rain events in Yunnan Province of southwest China during SASM prevailing season. The diagnostic analysis shows an anomalous divergence circulation pattern at upper level (200 hPa) over Eurasian continent that corresponds well to the negative anomaly of EASWJ intensity during the heavy rain events in boreal summer in Yunnan Province. Meanwhile, a low-level jet stream with abundant water vapor originated from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal provides necessarily dynamic and water conditions for heavy rain mechanism. The study further shows that the weakening of the EASWJ during heavy rain events in Yunnan Province is associated with the decrease in the meridional air temperature gradient in northern mid-latitude (30o-45oN).
	TO cite this article:CHEN Jie,JIN Liya. Association of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet with the Southwest Asian summer monsoon: A diagnostic analysis on heavy rain events in Yunnan Province, China[OL].[23 February 2017] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4719965


	6. Reactive Transport Modeling of Long-Term CO2 Sequestration Mechanisms at the Shenhua CCS Demonstration Project, China
	YANG Guodong,LI Yilian,ATRENS Aleks,LIU Danqing,WANG Yongsheng,JIA Li,LU Yu
	Earth Science 31 May 2016
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	Abstract:Carbon dioxide injection into deep saline aquifers results in a variety of strongly coupled physical and chemical processes. In this study, reactive transport simulations using a 2-D radial model were performed to investigate the fate of the injected CO2, the effect of CO2-water-rock interactions on mineral alteration, and the long-term CO2 sequestration mechanisms of the Liujiagou Formation sandstone at the Shenhua CCS pilot site of China. Carbon dioxide was injected at a constant rate of 0.1 Mt/year for 30 years, and the fluid flow and geochemical transport simulation was run for a period of 10,000 years by the TOUGHREACT code according to the underground conditions of the Liujiagou Formation. The results show that different trapping phases of CO2 vary with time. Sensitivity analyses indicate that plagioclase composition and chlorite presence are the most significant determinants of stable carbonate minerals and CO2 mineral trapping capacity. For arkosic arenite in the Liujiagou Formation, CO2 can be immobilized by precipitation of ankerite, magnesite, siderite, dawsonite, and calcite for different mineral compositions, with Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Na+ provided by dissolution of calcite, albite (or oligoclase) and chlorite. This study can provide useful insights into the geochemistry of CO2 storage in other arkosic arenite (feldspar rich sandstone) formations at other pilots or target sites.
	TO cite this article:YANG Guodong,LI Yilian,ATRENS Aleks, et al. Reactive Transport Modeling of Long-Term CO2 Sequestration Mechanisms at the Shenhua CCS Demonstration Project, China[OL].[31 May 2016] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4694633


	7. Issues in stochastic modeling of ground motions based on analytical phase spectrum
	ZENG Cheng,SUN Xiaodan,LI Yongheng
	Earth Science 25 May 2016
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	Abstract:In this paper, stochastic modeling technique based on analytical phase spectrum was studied. The analytical displacement response to a shear dislocation source in infinite homogeneous space was used to extract analytical phase spectrum. The analytical phase spectrum was used to replace the random phase spectrum so that the spectrum of the simulated motion is related to the property of propagation medium and the source-site geometry. Two issues, the simplification of numerical integration and the computation of sub-source rise time, were discussed. The results show that: when the sub-source size is smaller than 1km, the numerical integration could be simplified by multiplying the sub-source area to the displacement from point dislocation source; unreasonable sub-source rise time may be deduced if letting sub-source rise time propotional to sub-source dislocation.The approach was validated using the observed data of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The validation shows a good match between the simulated and observed data in terms of waveform and response spectrum.
	TO cite this article:ZENG Cheng,SUN Xiaodan,LI Yongheng. Issues in stochastic modeling of ground motions based on analytical phase spectrum[OL].[25 May 2016] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4693864


	8. Insolation-driven monsoon-mediated changes in Earth's surface processes in mid-latitude East Asia since the last deglaciation
	LIU Jianbao,CHEN Qiaomei,XIE Chengling
	Earth Science 05 May 2016
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	Abstract:The stability of Earth's critical zone is intimately linked with erosion, chemical weathering and the vegetation type and density, therefore affecting the global biogeochemical processes and in turn the global climate. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how Earth's critical zone processes have changed over time. Here we rebuild erosion-weathering-vegetation interactions since ~14.7 ka using geochemical records of a radiocarbon-dated sediment core from Gonghai Lake in North China. Our results revealed distinct, millennial, late deglacial-Holocene erosion and weathering patterns and transitions. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) molar, a humidity proxy, indicated low humidity during the late deglacial ~11.5-14.7 ka, high humidity during the early-mid Holocene ~11.5-3.2 ka, and intermediate humidity during the late Holocene interval since ~3.2 ka. Comparison of our records with other climate reconstructions further suggested an orbital-phased humidity changes in North China. This study provides evidence for the solar-forcing controlled Earth's surface processes in the mid-latitude China under natural climate conditions.
	TO cite this article:LIU Jianbao,CHEN Qiaomei,XIE Chengling. Insolation-driven monsoon-mediated changes in Earth's surface processes in mid-latitude East Asia since the last deglaciation[OL].[ 5 May 2016] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4686394


	9. Estimation of surface solar radiation considering the distortion of cloud shadow on complex terrain
	Li Bin,Hu Jichao
	Earth Science 08 April 2016
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	Abstract:Clouds and terrain are the two most important factors that affect the surface radiation, and cloud shadows are also an important influencing factor to estimate the surface radiation with remote sensing method. Cloud and its shadow under different observation angle and the angle of the sun will lead to 3-D geometry effect. Furthermore, the terrain also has influence on downward solar radiation. At the same time, the cloud shadow distortion under complex terrain also should be taken into consideration in the estimation of radiation. So "coupling" the clouds and the terrain under the certain condition has the vital significance on estimating the surface radiation values. Cloud detection results of high resolution satellite data was used, according to the height of the cloud and satellite observation angle information the position of cloud on the image was corrected to get the true position of the cloud. To more accurately describe the shadow distortion caused by the terrain, a geometrical method was used to calculate the true position of cloud shadows on complex terrain. On the basis of the result after the calculation of shadows, downward surface solar radiation of the corresponding position was calculated based on some parametric methods for clear and cloudy sky respectively. Then, according to the mountain radiative transfer theory, DEM and albedo was employed in the topographic correction model for the downward surface solar radiation (DSSR) calculated above. Finally, we made some comparisons between cloud shadows on smooth surface and complex terrain as well as DSSR without any correction and with correction of terrain effect. The results showed that it is necessary to make these corrections on complex terrain. There were some big differences of the DSSR distribution and values before making correction.
	TO cite this article:Li Bin,Hu Jichao. Estimation of surface solar radiation considering the distortion of cloud shadow on complex terrain[OL].[ 8 April 2016] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4683529


	10. Using the FluoroProbe to measure the Cyanobacteria biomass in the Marine Environment
	XIE Yuyuan,LIU Xin,CHEN Jixin,WANG Lei,HUANG Bangqin
	Earth Science 18 February 2016
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	Abstract:FluoroProbe is a depth-profiling fluorometer for rapid phytoplankton classification. Its application in marine environment was rarely assessed. Previous studies have found solution for measuring Haptophytes biomass. In this study, the data from the survey in the southern Taiwan Strait indicated that FluoroProbe misidentifies Synechococcus(the marine Cyanobacteria) as the "mixed" group not the "blue" group. By using the new norm spectrum retrieved from the in-situ data, the Synechococcus was well detected but the biomass was overall underestimated, possibly due to the corrupted norm spectrum by the high light or depleted nutrient.
	TO cite this article:XIE Yuyuan,LIU Xin,CHEN Jixin, et al. Using the FluoroProbe to measure the Cyanobacteria biomass in the Marine Environment[OL].[18 February 2016] http://www.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4678372

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