工业化生产出口金针菇的全过程风险监测与安全评价
首发时间:2022-06-27
摘要:[目的] 旨在揭示工业化生产的出口金针菇农药、重金属、非食用物质残留特征,为科学监管,出口风险防控提供科学依据。[方法]从培养基质材料、制备的培养基、培育用培养基、金针菇及生产用水和聚乙烯包装6个关键风险点,持续、在线抽样,依国家和行业标准检测方法测试64种风险因子,分析其残留特征及可能发生原因,并依中国标准和 CAC、欧美日韩国家食用菌安全标准,评价金针菇和其生产过程的安全性。[结果] 10批次出口金针菇中检出6批次多菌灵和三聚氰胺残留,6批次培养基质材料检出多菌灵,3批次玉米芯检出吡虫啉,1批次培养基检出噻菌灵。生产用水中39种农药残留均未检出。杀菌后培养基中的农药明显下降,金针菇生产全过程的农药残留含量总体呈下降态势。9批次玉米、麦麸、米糠,培养基(杀菌前、后),金针菇中Pb检出率92.6%,Hg94.4%,Cd、Cr、As100%。8份生产用水中Pb检出率37.5%、Cd25.0%、Cr12.5%、As37.5%, Hg未检出。9份金针菇中甲醛、SO2、喹啉黄均未检出,4份金针菇荧光增白剂检测阴性。7份金针菇聚乙烯包装样品16种增塑剂均未检出。37种农药含量均小于GB 2763-2021标准规定的残留限量,37种农药+多菌灵含量均小于欧盟、日韩限量值,三聚氰胺含量小于灭蝇胺限量。金针菇中Pb、Cd、As、Hg和Cr含量符合GB 2762和CAC、欧美日韩限量。培养基质材料依GB 2762评价,超标率11.1-77.8%,米糠中As超标率最高,依CAC、欧盟日韩谷物限量标准评价,超标率11.1%-88.9%。生产用水Pb、Cd、As和Cr残留依饮用水卫标准评价,7份超出限量,但符合金针菇标准限量,水的应用存在风险。制备的培养基杀菌Pb、Cd、Hg含量增加,Cr和As下降。[结论] 重庆地区工业化生产的出口金针菇安全水平高,存在多菌灵、噻菌灵和吡虫啉、灭蝇胺和Pb、Cd、As、Hg和Cr残留风险。
关键词: 农药 重金属 非食用物质 安全水平评估 全过程 出口金针菇 工业化生产
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Risk monitoring and safety evaluation of the whole process of exporting enoki mushroom in industrial production
Abstract:[Objective] Aims to reveal the residual characteristics of pesticide, heavy metal and non-edible substances of exporting enoki mushroom and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of export risks and scientific supervision. [Method] Samples are taken continuously and online from 6 risk points of whole process (culture matrix material, preparing culture, sterilization culture, production water,polyethylene packaging and enoki mushroom).64 kind risk substances are tested with natonal standard and industry standard method。Residual characteristics and causes are analyzed, In accordance with Chinese standard and CAC, EU, USA, Japan and South Korea standards, the safety level of enoki mushroom and the safety of the production process are evaluated. [Results] Carbendazim and melamineare are detected in 6 of 10 batches of export mushroom, Carbendazim is detceted in 6 batch of culture matrix material. Imidacloprid is detected in 3 batchs of corn cob. Thiabendazloe is detected only in 1 batch of preparing medium. 39 pesticides were not detected in the production.water. Pesticide decreased significantly in the culture after sterilization. Pesticide residue content in the whole process of enoki mushroom show a downtrend. 5 kinds of heavy metals were detected in 9 batches of culture matrix materials, culture (before and after sterilization), and enoki mushroom, The detection rate of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg were 92.6%,94.4%,100%,100% and 100% respectively. The detection rate of Pb, Cd, Cr and As in the 8 production water are 37.5%,25.0%,12.5%, 37.5% respectively. Hg was not detected in production waters. Formaldehyde, SO2 and quinoline yellow were not detected in 9 batches of enoki mushroom, fluorescent whitening agents was not detected in 4 enoki mushroom. None of 16 plasticizers in 7 packaging were detected. The content of 37 pesticides were less than the residue limit stipulated by GB 2763-2021, the content of 37 kinds of pesticides + carbendazim was less than the limit of EU,Japan and South Korea, and the content of melamine was less than limit of cyromazine. The contents of Pb, Cd, As, Hg and Cr meet the requirements of GB 2762 and CAC, EU, USA, Japan and South Korea standards. Exceed standard rate in culture matrix material compared with GB 2762 is 11.1-77.8%. The highest rate is As in rice bran. Exceed standard rate in culture matrix material compared with CAC,EU, USA, Japan, and South Korea standard is11.1% -88.9%, The highest rate is As in rice bran compared with South Korea standards. Pb, Cd, As and Cr residues were detected in the water. 7 samples exceeded the limit in GB 5749, but they meet the limits in GB 2762 edible fungi. The results indicate that the application of water was risky. The content of Pb, Cd and Hg increase in sterilization medium, the content of Cr and As are decreased. [Conclusion] Exporting enoki mushrooms in industrial production in Chongqing area is a high safety level, but there are risk of carbendazim, thiabendazole and cyromazine and Pb, Cd, As, Hg and Cr residual in enoki mushroom.
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