This article reviews indigenous researches on Chinese personality structure and measurement. In accordance with the construction of the Western big five personality model, Chinese personality was conceived as seven dimensions based on systematic lexical research of Chinese personality trait adjectives. Scales measuring these dimensions and sub-factors were constructed and validated. The critical difference between Chinese and Western personality structure lies in the individual's degree of descriptiveness-evaluation on behaviors. This in turn allows different classifications to be made when confronted with same behaviors. A Behavior Classification Hypothesis of personality structure was then proposed and approved. The deep origins of Chinese-Western personality structure differences were proposed as being rooted in the differences in views about human nature in the two cultures. Characteristics of Chinese personality and future research directions were also discussed.