Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an important transcriptional factor that is activated when mammalian cells experience hypoxia, a tumor microenvironmental condition that plays pivotal roles in tumor progression and treatment. In this study, we examined the idea of downregulating HIF-1α in tumor cells for therapeutic gain. We show that the expression levels of HIF-1α can be significantly attenuated by use of the recently established small interfering RNA technology in combination with adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Down-regulation of the HIF-1α protein enhanced hypoxia-mediated tumor cell apoptosis in vitro. Subcutaneous tumor growth was also prevented from cells with attenuated HIF-1α expression. In addition, intratumoral injection of adenovirus encoding the HIF-1α-targeted small interfering RNA had a small but significant effect on tumor growth when combined with ionizing radiation. Therefore, our results provide proof of HIF-1α as an effective target for anticancer therapy. They also suggest that an adenovirus-based small interfering RNA gene transfer approach may be a potentially effective adjuvant strategy for cancer treatmen