城市电网规划中，总是存在一些不可量化、不可模拟甚至无法用专家系统表示的因素。而且优化问题时常规模很大，计算负担非常繁重，以致在规划的决策过程中经常表现出很强的人为色彩。为了理解和解决这一问题，本文提出了以认知系统工程的理论指导城市电网规划及其决策支持系统开发的思想。强调了规划过程中人的主导作用，应重点解决人的信息获取与传递问题以及人与算法、人与人之间的协调问题。阐述了规划的性质和规划过程，指出规划乃是不同观点交互参与和反复修正，并互相妥协最终寻求一致的过程，它不可能单纯地由数学与计算机方法实现。提出了强适应性规划的任务，并总结出了其实现的三个方法：采用鲁棒性强的模型与算法，多趋势规划法，和再规划的方法。指出了，人在规划中的作用主要体现在：处理非技术因素和不确定因素造成的问题以及降低数学算法的计算复杂性。而为了充分利用人的智能优势，应当增强计算机决策支持环境的认知适应性。

An algorithm called genetic shortest-path algorithm is presented to solve capacitated minimal Steiner tree problems in graphs with complex flows and arbitrary arc cost functions, but without negative cycles. Voltage constraint can also been taken into consideration by the algorithm. Hence, it can solve various power distribution system optimization problems with detailed mathematical models. In the proposed algorithm, a local optimization method based on shortest path algorithm and heuristics is used to find the local optimums, in which the minimum cost objective and all constraints are considered and the specialties of the problems are made good use of. Genetic operations are only used to search the global optimum from the local optimums. Therefore, this algorithm overcomes the disadvantage of general genetic algorithm in local searching. An example for distribution system planning problem with large scale is given to demonstrate the power of the algorithm.

In this paper, the models, the methods, and their application experiences of a practical GIS based computer decision-making support system of urban power distribution network planning with seven subsystems, termed CNP, are described. In each subsystem there is at least one or one set of practical mathematical methods available. Some new models and mathematical methods have been introduced. In the development of CNP the idea of cognitive system engineering has been insisted on, which claims that human and computer intelligence should be combined together to solve the complex engineering problem cooperatively. Practical applications have shown that not only the optimal plan can be automatically reached with many complicated factors considered, but also the computation, analysis and graphic drawing burden can be released considerably.

This paper proposes a novel optimization method of transient stability emergency control based on a new concept of the so called extended practical dynamic security region (EPDSR) defined in this paper and four experiential laws about the EPDSRs found from a number of studies in real power systems. In this method, the effect of a control action is represented by the displacement of EPDSR's critical hyper-plane boundary on the direction of its outer normal vector. If an unstable contingency occurs, appropriate emergency control actions are triggered so as to the enlarged EPDSR can cover the current operating point. Based on these ideas, a mathematics model of emergency control strategy is developed for minimizing its total cost and guarantying power system transient stability. The simulation results on the 10-generator, 39-bus New-England Test System as well as other real power systems have shown its validity.

基于实用动态安全域(PDSR)提出一种电力市场环境下的电力系统安全成本优化（最优安全控制）模型及算法。该模型计及了暂态稳定性约束、事故发生概率及系统失稳损失。独立系统运行员（ISO）依该模型能确定安全成本最低的系统安全水平，即确定系统安全性和经济性的平衡点。安全成本由备用成本、再调度成本和期望失稳损失组成。而且所提算法计算速度快、易于实现。另外，本文提出的模型及算法也可方便的应用于传统垂直统一管理模式下的电力系统，只要分别用发电机备用成本曲线和边际成本曲线替换发电商向ISO呈报的备用容量价格曲线和再调度功率价格曲线即可。最后以新英格兰10机39节点系统为例，检验了所提模型的合理性及算法的可行性。

The dynamic security region (DSR) of an electrical power system has received more and more attention in recent years for providing plenty of security information and good prospect in online application. This paper proposes a new analytical method for determining the practical DSR (PDSR) based on the characteristics of hyper planes (HP) that are used to approximate the boundary of PDSR. In this method, a practical dynamic security criterion is derived from transient energy analysis while the power perturbation analysis is applied to pre-fault, fault-on and post-fault three system stages respectively. The key feature of such method is to analytically approximate the boundary of PDSR by solving linear algebra equations. Examples on the New England Test System show that this method can significantly reduce computation burden without compromising accuracy.

This paper analyzes differential topological characteristics of the dynamic security region (DSR) on injection space of electrical power system by differential topology theories. It is shown that the boundary of the DSR on injection space has no suspension and is compact, and there are no holes inside the DSR defined based on controlling unstable equilibrium point (UEP) method. The 10-generator, 39-bus New England Test System is taken as an example to show these characteristics of the DSR on injection space.

本文对安全域的方法学作了一个简要的介绍，列举了其优越性，定义了注入空间上保证暂态稳定的实用动态安全域（PDSR）和割集功率空间上保证静态电压稳定的安全域（CVSR），给出了关于它们的临界面可用超平面描述的两个重要事实，这些超平面形式的安全域边界可以大大降低概率的安全性评估计算量，可使一大类电力系统调度最优化问题中暂态稳定约束和静态电压稳定约束难以处理这一棘手的问题变得十分简易。

In this paper routes to chaotic oscillation in power systems and relationships between chaos and various power system instability modes are deeply studied. Firstly, using a three-bus simple system, three routes may cause power systems to chaos are illustrated and discussed. They are route of cascading period doubling bifurcation (PDB), route of torus bifurcation (TB) and route of directly initiated by a large disturbance of energy. The route of cascading PDB is a typical route to chaos, where PDB is caused by a real Floquet multiplier moving counter to the real axis and going out of the unit circle from point (-1,0) in the complex plane. TB is caused by a couple of conjugate Floquet multipliers going out of the unit circle with a nonzero imaginary part in the complex plane. Chaos caused by TB has some interesting features, such as self-organizing phenomenon, coexistence of divergent and chaotic subspaces, etc. The last route, which is directly initiated by a large disturbance of energy, is reported and studied for the first time so far as we know. Secondly, relationships between chaos and various instability modes are discussed. Also using a simple system, we illustrate the scenes that chaos leads power system to voltage collapse, angle divergence, or voltage collapse with angle divergence simultaneously when the stability conditions of the chaotic oscillation are broken. It tells us that chaos is very likely to be an intergrade existing in the transient stage after a large disturbance. In order to prevent the appearance of instability incidents effectively, it is necessary to keep up on the study of chaotic phenomena in power systems. All these studies are helpful to deeply understand the mechanism of various instability modes and to find effective anti-chaos strategies.

In this pape1r, chaos phenomena and its influence on the Small Signal Stability Region (SSSR) of electrical power system are studied. A typical period-3 orbit in a simple power system is presented for the first time. Theorem Sarkovskii and Theorem Li-Yorke are used to identify the existence of chaos in power systems. This method based on sufficient theoretics can avoid the confusion caused by pseudo-chaos and incomplete period doubling bifurcation phenomena. Moreover, we discuss the influence of chaos on the small signal stability region (SSSR) and confirm that in the studies of SSSR and its boundary it is not needed from the point of engineering view to consider the existence of chaos. This excludes the unnecessary complication in the study of SSSR.