针对淮河中游防洪调度决策的实例，用最高最低水位经分段折算，作了语义量化；根据方法库模拟结果来判断某种状态的语义可信度，由半正态分布隶属函数来确定；对各种状态的语义可信度间的转换，采用了模糊聚类的方法。文中提出的方法，已试用于淮河中游防洪专家系统。经多次历史洪水的模拟试验，其可行性和实用性得到了验证。

洪灾的含义包括洪水和灾害两个方面。本文从气象、径流和地形三因素考虑，采用成因分析的方法，制成了洪水危险程度区划图。以耕地和人口为经济因素指标，考虑洪水造成的灾害，制作成洪灾危险程度区划图。本文制作的区划图是客观的，已得到了一些领域专家的认可，可以作为防洪规划等宏观决策的依据。

采用数字高程模型描述上海市滩涂地形，研究和设计了数字高程模型的数据结构，较好地解决了海量数据的存储、查询和检索问题，由此建立了多年的滩涂数字地形模型。在此基础上研究了滩涂地形分析方法，并在地理信息系统平台上开发了滩涂地形分析系统。试用结果表明，该系统数据结构合理、功能齐全、运行快速稳定，较好地满足了滩涂海塘管理工作的需要。

水质模型是水体污染物迁移转化模拟的主要工具，在水环境保护、水污染防治等领域得到了广泛的应用。本文在地理信息系统平台上，利用其强大的空间数据分析能力，研制了水质模拟软件系统。系统包括了水质模型输入数据的处理，实时模型计算，及模拟结果的可视化输出，该系统缩短了模型建模周期，提高了模型运行的效率。系统界面及模拟结果的表达美观，操作方便。该系统在江苏省水环境容量信息管理系统的应用中取得了较好效果。

根据水务信息的基本特性，研究水务信息管理系统的数据组织结构形式和系统功能。结合上海市水资源普查，在地理信息系统平台上，研制了上海市中心城区水务信息管理系统。该系统具有空间数据管理的特性，可实现对象的空间分布和属性的耦合查询、条件查询、专题查询等功能。系统以图、表、文相结合的方式，全面地表达了水资源普查数据信息。经多个城区的试用表明，系统能较好地满足水务管理工作的需要。

采用数字高程模型的网格高程直接确定网格上的径流流向（网格方向），平地网格的方向由权重法确定，坑网格的方向由沟渠法确定，由此导出的流域排水网的合理性和实用性，在四个流域上得到了验证。

在建造淮河中游防洪专家系统中，根据防洪调度决策的特点，采用了本文的系统字典、标准陈述句、分层编码式规则库等技术。淮河中游多次历史洪水调度模拟验证了这一基本思想的正确性。由此构造的专家系统使用简便，适合于防洪调度领域。

该文以一实例阐述了采用DELPHI编程实现多媒体数据的转换、实时更新与维护、读取播放，以提高基于GIS的信息管理系统中对巨量多媒体数据的管理和使用效率的理论及其应用，对系统开发具有一定的实用价值。

An automatic calibration scheme for the HBV model (ACSH) was developed. The ACSH was based on the physical significance of the model parmaeers and structure. The inference of hydrologists in the manual calibration was adopted as the guideline. A slight modeification of the model structure of the soil routine was suggested to avoid interdependence of the parameters. In total nine prameters, except the snow routine, Fc and MAXBAS, were calibrated automatically in two stages; first the soil moistute routine and then the others. There are six sets in two stages in total. Using the Powell method, the parameters im cach step were calibrated simultancously iwth carefully selected objective functions, and in particular a powerful objective function for the soil moisture routine. The steps were in a fixed order in the ACSH according to the model structure. The optimal values of the model parameters were stable, with the different initial values varying in considerable ranges. The optimal values of the model parameters were stable, with the different initial calibration when the ACSH was tested in two basins. The atuomatic calibration can thus be used as a reference or as an alternative solution of the model.

There are a large number of conceptual hydrologieal models ayaliable today. It is not casy to immediately identify the similarities and differences between the different models. The Swedish HBV model and the Chinese Xinanjiang model are two examples of conceptual, semi-distributed, rainfall-runoff modols. The Xinanjing model was designed for use in humid and semibumid regions, with no routine for the sbiwmelt runoff, whereas the snow routine is an important part of the HBV model in many applieations. The model structures of the two models may be deseribed in four routines, compared in this paper. Ther integral atructures of them are similar, but there are some differences, eapecially in the runoff production routine. The physical significance and physical definiticns of some model parameters were analyzed. Both models were tested in two basins. Both models gave similar results, and both models performed well in the application. The similarlty of the reaults obtained by different model structures leads to the following two conclusions. First, model stryctyres leads to the following two conclusions. First, more effort should probably be spent on the improvement of input data quality and covernge than on the development of more detailed model strue tures only. Second, inference abou basin behavior and characteris ties form the values ofcalibrated model parameters most be made with great caution.