目的 观察培养过程中日本血吸虫成虫细胞培养液中氨基酸（AA）、葡萄糖（Gluc）及甘油三酯（TG）含量的动态变化。方法 用氨基酸自动分析仪、自动生化分析仪分别测定培养液在培养0～6d过程中AA、Gluc 及TG含量变化。结果 精氨酸（Arg）、苏氨酸（Thr）、蛋氨酸（Met）、赖氨酸（Lys）及Gluc含量有不同程度下降；天门冬氨酸（Asp）、丙氨酸（Ala）及游离氨（Amm）有明显上升；TG变化不明显。结论 在日本血吸虫成虫细胞培养液中适当增加Arg、Thr、Met、Lys和Gluc，同时减少Asp和Ala的含量，及时更换培养液有利于维持血吸虫细胞生长。

报告日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞的超微结构。在透射电镜下日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞呈多角形、圆颗粒形、三角扇形和鞭毛形等多种形状，其中以多角形为主。细胞表面光滑，或有乳头状突起、微绒毛和微饮泡等。胞质内有不同数量的线粒体、内质网、核糖体和糖原颗粒等分布，高尔基复合体很少或无；其中线粒体超微结构的变化可以作为评判培养条件优劣的一个指标。核常呈圆形，核膜为一单位膜，核孔清晰；核内具较丰富的异染色质，核膜内缘常有块状异染色质分布；核仁圆形。不同来源的细胞具不同的内部特征，生殖细胞内核质比例较高，胞质内具许多大小不等的囊泡和不同类型的皮质颗粒；卵黄细胞的典型特征是胞质中存在由高电子密度颗粒组成的卵黄球、卵黄滴；焰细胞的胞质中具纤毛束；神经细胞内具丰富的圆形或椭圆形突触小泡。可识别来源的这些培养细胞中卵黄细胞的数量最多，神经细胞的数量最少。

目的 研究日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量、分布及变化规律，了解日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞的能量代谢类型。方法 将虫龄26d的日本血吸虫成虫细胞接种于小盖玻片上，培养于RPMI-1640含20%小牛血清附加常量抗生素的培养基中，定时运用Pearson法进行SDH和LDH染色，用Olympus-BH2显微镜观察并拍照，用HPIAS-2000图像分析仪测量其含量，并作统计分析。结果 日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞均具有SDH 和LDH 活性，两者均分布在细胞质内。培养1d细胞的SDH和LDH 活性最强，随着培养时间延长，其活性逐渐减弱，其中SDH活性下降较快，培养5d大部分细胞SDH活性已极弱；而LDH活性下降则较缓，培养56d细胞仍具LDH活性。结论 体外培养的日本血吸虫成虫细胞的能量代谢类型与成虫相似，既存在三羧酸循环需氧型呼吸链，也具有无氧糖酵解，但以无氧糖酵解为主。

Ultrastructures and their dynamic changes of the cultured cells from Schistosoma japonicum were observed in the present experiments. Several types-including polygonal, round granular, deltaic fan-shaped and flagellated cells—were found in the cultures. The polygonal cells took a major ratio in the cultures from adult S. japonicum, while the majority from schistosomula was round granular cells. The ultrastuctures on the cell surface were different between the cells from adults and schistosomula. Some papilla-like tubercula, microvilli and pinocytotic vesicles were observed on the surface of adult cells, but none were found on schistosomula cells. However, more or less mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, ribosomes and glycogen were observed in the cytoplasm of the cultured cells from both adults and schistosomula. Golgi complexes were rarely found. The nucleus was round, with round nucleolus inside and clear pores on the unit membrane. There was much lumpish heterochromatin located near to the nuclear membrane. Cells from different worm tissues had their own organelles. The germ cells, vitelline cells, flame cells, multinucleate subtegumental cells and nerve cells could be observed in the cultures from adults. The vitelline cells were the greatest in number and nerve cells were the least in number among them. Similarly, there were germ cells, sustentacular cells, flame cells, nerve cells, mast cells, muscle cells, multinucleate subtegumental cells, interstitial cells and penetration gland cells in the cultures from the schistomomula. In addition, a few division cells were also found. It indicated that the schistosomula cells had greater potential ability to proliferate than the adult cells in in vitro culture. Along with the prolongation of the culture time, degeneration of schistosomal cell occurred more and more. Generally, the electron density of cultures gradually got lower, the cristae of mitochondria blurred and disappeared and the mitochondria themselves swelled and finally vacuoled completely. Vitelline cells were most sensitive to the changes of the in vitro condition in all cultures. Their degeneration showed the following characteristics: (1) vitelline globules fused each other, the space between vitelline globules and the membrane surrounding them broadened gradually and vitelline globules were released and uncovered; (2) rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticula enlarged, vacuolated and the ribosomes dropped; and (3) the number and volume of lipid increased. The ultrastructural changes of most of the cultures from schistosomula had the following trends: (1) heterochromatin increased and euchromatin decreased gradually; and (2) endoplasmic reticula changed into short tubes and vacuoles and disappeared finally. The degenerative process of the cultures from S. japonicum consisted of necrosis according to the ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria, vitelline globules, chromatin and endoplasmic reticula within the cells. The changes of the above structures could be used to estimate whether the culture conditions were appropriate.

The ultrastructure of the sperm and the process of fertilization are described in Schistosoma japonicum. The sperm of S. japonicum has an elongated head and a single tail. The head measures 6.2×1.4μm in average size. No acrosome is present. A mass of mitochondria locates in front of the nucleus. A layer of about 100-120 peripheral microtubules is parallel with the long axis of the head under plasma membrane. The nucleus is dense with some electron-lucent patches. The tail is a single flagellum with unique axoneme, which originates from a centriole. The structure of axoneme includes two types: 9×2/+<<l>> in the main part of the flagellum, and 9×2×0 near the end of the flagellum. The sperm ultrastructure of S. japonicum is similar to that of other schistosomes, apart from the fact that two types of configuration coexisted in the same axoneme, and there is no striated root found in S. japonicum. The sperm differs distinctly from other Digenea. The aberrant ultrastructure of S. japonicum reflects that its evolution is far away from other genera in Digenea. Fertilization occurs at the posterior part of oviduct, in which region the oviduct wall lacks lamellae. Some cortical granules (CG) fuse with plasma membrane, and discharge their content on the surface of the fertilized ovum. The other CGs break down or degenerate in the cytoplasm. By the secondary mature division, the secondary oocyte finally divides to form a female pronucleus. During this period a male pronucleus also forms. The female and male pronucleus approach each other, come into contact in the central region and finally fuse to form a zygote. The function of CGs is discussed.

Objective To study the developing cercaria of Schistosoma Japonicum (S. japonicum) on ultrastructural level by transmission electron microscope (TEM) for analyzing the morphological dynamic changes of the tegument, glands and musculature. Methods Artificial infected Oncomelania hupensis were dissected under dissecting microscope and the daughter sporocysts picked up for studying the germinal cells stage (S1). The other embryonic cercaria were selected according to the modified parameter of Chen and Bier (1972). The specimens were prepared by conventional procedure of the laboratory of TEM and were observed by Hitachi H600. Results Besides the germinal cell stage (S1), this is the first chronological study on the morphological development of S. japonicum cercaria from S22S5 concerning the tegument and its elements (glycocalyx, sensory papilla, basal lamina and spine), head and acetabular gland and musculature of the body and tail. This article discusses the ultrastructural morphological differences from prior authors and emphasizes on the postacetalar gland and the pattern of tail musculature of the matured stage cercaria. Conclusions According to the cell division and differentiation, the process of development may be divided into 5 stages: S1, the single germinal cell stage; S2, the germinal ball stage; major multiplication and minor differentiation; S3, tail budding embryonic stage, both active in multiplying and differentiating; S4, the pre-matured stage, major differentiation and minor multiplication; and S5, the fully matured stage (completing the differentiation).

目的 研究表皮生长因子（EGF）对用或未用甲基硝基亚硝基胍（MNNG）诱导的日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞的促生长、增殖作用。方法 将联合法接种培养至第3天的日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞，一部分在含EGF终浓度分别为0、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、16、20、24、28ng/ml的附加20%小牛血清及常量抗菌素的RPM I-1640培养基中培养；另一部分，先用含MNNG终浓度为3μg/ml附加20%小牛血清和常量抗生素的RPM I-1640培养基处理48h，再换用含终浓度分别为0、1、8、12、16、20ng/ml的EGF培养基继续培养。每日用OlympusM倒置显微镜观察细胞生长和增殖情况。结果 两实验组中，用不同浓度EGF处理后的日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞均在2周以后出现不同程度的脱落、退化；并且，随着EGF浓度的升高，培养细胞脱落、退化的现象更加严重；两实验组相比，未用MNNG诱导的培养细胞出现脱落和退化现象的时间比用MNNG诱导的相对更早。结论 外加EGF对用或未用MNNG诱导的日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞的生长增殖均无促进作用，相反，加速了培养细胞的老化，尤其是对未用MNNG诱导的日本血吸虫成虫培养细胞，这种作用更加明显。