Over the past 30 years, more than 7000 layered vessels using at-ribbon-wound cylindrical shells have been manufactured in the People's Republic of China. Theoretical as well as experimental investigations show that there are distinct economical and engineering advantages when using such vessels. The vessel provides the industry with a competitive design suitable for use in the oil refining, chemical and petrochemical fields. The present state of art in strength, design method and some related areas of development of such vessels are described.

A flat steel ribbon wound pressure vessel was adopted by ASME Code Case 2229 on 16 August 1996. By considering the additional strength caused by friction between ribbon layers, the authors deduced equations for prediction of longitudinal and hoop bursting pressure of such vessels. The calculation results from the equations, which are easy to calculate and convenient to apply in the engineering, are in excellent agreement with experimental results. It is the theoretical base for equal strength design in axial and circumferential direction. In addition, the criterion of failure form of such a vessel is also given.

ASME Code Case 2229 provides minimum requirements for designing and constructing flat ribbon wound layered pressure vessel. The authorhas worked in this field for more than 10 years and describes the design philosophy of the fiat ribbon wound layered pressure vessel through four parts: strength calculation, fatigue strength, engineering design, and nozzle reinforcements. A new joint construction between ribbon wound shell and hemispherical head thinner than shell and comments on the Code Case are also given.

It has been observed that the degree of contact between layers and the reside stresses caased by pre-tension winding of ribbons does not influence bursting pressure of flat steel ribbon-wound pressure vessels. This suggests the idea that the desirzble design criteria for vessels of this type should beaed on bursting failure made. Le. wall thickness, should be determined by bursting pressure which it strongly influneces by friction between layers and laminar effects, It is shown that the probabiliry of bursting failure of vessel for which the bursting pressure is not Iess than 2.5 dedgm pressure, is less than 10-10. An example demonstrates that a design procedure basent on this information not only has significant economic advantages, but also can indi. care bursting probability.

Flat steel ribbon wound pressure vessels have been adopted by the ASME boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section Ⅷ, Division J and Divesion 2. An excellent safety and scrive record has been built up in the past 34 years. Based on the interfacial friction model proposed by Zheng [1], a more accurate method for predicting the stresses in a flat steel ribbon wound ressure vessel is offered in this paper, taking account of the axial displacement, the change in the helical winding angle, the interfacial friction between ribbon layers and the effect of lamination. Comparison between experimental results of five test vessels with and inside diameter varying from 350 to 1000mm, four different helical winding angles (18, 24, 27 and 30°), two width-thickness rations of the ribbon (20 and 22.86) and rosults of oalculation using the stress formulae available demonstrates that the method in this paper is more accurate and that interfacial friction gives a marked strengthening contribution to the axial strength of the vessel.

Considering the fact that the required thickness of a hemispherical head for pressure loading is only half of that necessary for a cylindrical shell, the authors have developed a proprietary junction of shell to hemispherical head where the head is thinner than the shell. In the past 5 years, more than 100 high-pressure vessels with such junctions have been manufactured and safely used in the People's Republic of China. Theoretical investigations as well as engineering applications show that such junctions are rational in structure, convenient in fabrication and low in cost. For example, for a vesscl with an inner diameter of 1000 mm and design pressurc of 31.4MPa, using thc new junction, the head weight is reduced by 54.3 and 27.4 per cent respectively in comparison with a forged fiat head and a hemispherical head with equal thickness of shell. The larger the vessel, the grcater the economic benefits it achieves, In this paper, the authors describe its basic structure, stress characteristics and the engineering design method for the unique junction.

The stochastic resonance phenomenon is investigated in the presence of colored noise. The solutions of the signalto-noise ratio gain and the characteristic time are put forward. By means of tuning system parameters, the ability of a bistable system driven by colored noise to process a weak multi-frequency signal can be enhanced. It is found that the effects of the noise-correlation time on signal processing are not great. Furthermore, this method can be applied to sampling signal processing.

The paper presents a numerical method of realizing stochastic resonance (SR) by tuning system parameters. Firstly, a simple and effective method of evaluating the system response speed λ1 is introduced. Then the parameterinduced SR problem can be reduced to the parameter optimization problem under the condition λ1=const. To solve this optimization problem, we put forward the following techniques: (i) compensate the deviation from the prescribed system response speed λ1 at each step, (ii) take the curve length increment on the parameter plane as the step size in searching the maximal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain. Finally, a numerical simulation confirms the effectiveness of this method.

energy deposition into targets and beam absorbers in high-energy accelerator leads to temperature rise at an enormous rate, giving rise to thermally induced stress waves. Understanding and predicting resulting stresses are crucial for robust design and safe operation of such devices. In this paper, a closed form expressions for the induced stresses in cylindrical rods subjected to rapid partial energy deposition have been directly derived; it is then used to estimate highest stress of long cylindrical absorbers and to test the accuracy of thermal shock simulation with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) codes. Characteristics of such stresses were discussed in detail. It was found that ANSYS may produce accurate details in thermal shock simulation if element size and time step used in simulation model meet the criteria proposed by Zheng etc. in another paper.

In this paper, the hydro-expanding principle for a double-layered tube is set out in detail. The force state of a double-layered tube was analyzed during the process of hydro-forming. The stress and strain for the inner and outer tubes were evaluated using theories of elasticity and plasticity. By using the relation of deformed compatibility of hoop strain, suitable conditions of hydraulic expansion and variable range of hydro-expanding pressure are given, and formulae of hydro-expanding pressure related to residual contact pressure are derived. The results are applicable to cases where the inner tube is both thin-walled and thick-walled.