A. The most important fatty acids in quantity were C 16:0、C 18:1ω9、C 18:2ω6、C 18:0 and C16:1 in each embryonic development stage. Among the unsaturates (UFA), the utilization of the monounsaturates (MUFA) was higher than that of the polyunsaturates (PUFA). C18:1ω9c was used mainly as an energy source during embryonic development stages. C17:1 and ARA were used mainly as structural substances in embryos. Both EPA and DHA played a crucial role in the development of the circulatory system and the central nervous system during the later embryonic development stages of M. rosenbergii. Among five digestive enzymes determined, enzyme activities of pepsin, tryptase and amylase were relatively high. Enzyme activities of pepsin, tryptase, amylase and cellulase had a change of 'high-low-high', while the enzyme activity of lipase decreased. Gastrula stage was a special stage of embryonic development, which mRNA began to express by embryo and more digestive enzymes were ready to synthesize to ensure thutilization of yolk. Enzyme activities of pepsin, tryptase, amylase and cellulase reached the highest level in zoea stage. The results indicated that variations of biochemical changes and digestive enzyme activities correlated closely with the embryonic development.

报道了不同光照时间长度对红螯螯虾（Cherax quadricarinatus）繁殖性能及其受精卵中主要生化成分积累的影响。实验共分5组，实验Ⅰ组为自然光照；Ⅱ组为光照L:D=12:12（即每天光照时间为12hr），Ⅲ组为L:D=14:10，Ⅳ组为L:D=16:8，Ⅴ组为L:D=18:6。结果显示：红螯螯虾雌虾1个月及2个月的抱卵率、增重率、性腺指数、孵化率从Ⅰ组至Ⅴ组均呈抛物线的变化趋势，其中实验Ⅳ组最高，以上指标分别为61.54±2.09%、92.31±3.87%、29.48±0.51%、5.38±0.25和46.99±3.15%。与其它光照组相比，每只雌虾所抱卵卵重、平均抱卵量和平均单个卵卵重也以实验Ⅳ组为最高。在实验Ⅳ组受精卵中，氨基酸（必需和非必需氨基酸）的总量及主要氨基酸Leu、Arg、Glu均有显著增加。总脂在受精卵中所占的比重（干重和湿重），以实验Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组最高，与其它组相比差异显著。延长光照时间不影响卵内中性脂和磷脂按一定比例积累，各组中中性脂的百分含量均约是磷脂的2倍。无论中性脂还是磷脂， C18: 1ω9、C18: 2ω6、C16: 0、C16: 1四种脂肪酸的含量均较高；光照Ⅳ组中C20:4的含量较低，而C20: 5ω3和C22: 6ω3的含量则较高。结果说明：日光照16hr对红螯螯虾繁殖较为适宜，可明显改善其繁殖性能和受精卵的质量。

Effects of different water-borne copper (Cu2+) (0.00, 0.01, 0.10, 1.00, 5.00mg/L) on the microstructure of gills and hepatopancreas in Eriocheir sinensis were studied by Single Gradient Factor Experiments. The results showed between the 0.01mg/L Cu2+ treated group and the control group, the microstructure is of no significant difference. With the increase of Cu2+ level, irregularly thickened lamella, enlarged haemocoels, increased hemocytes and damaged or disassembled epithelia was found in gill. In hepatopancreas, the spaces of the small blind tubules decreased and nuclears of the epithetlia were karyopycnosised or karyorhexised(adj. Or n.) due to the intumesced or even destroyed simple columnar epithelia. The basement membranes were rumpled or even ruptured, and vacuoles were observed between the basement membrane and the simple columnar epithelia. The increased hemocytes in haemocoels were noted and they piled together with the dissociated epithetlium where the rupture of basement membranes were taken place. The effect of Cu2+ on the content of metallothionein was also investigated by Cadmium-Saturation Methods. There was no significant difference between the control group and 0.01mg/L water-borne Cu2+ treated group. The maximum content of metallothionein was achieved when the water-borne Cu2+ was 0.10mg/L. This content was almost kept even Cu2+ level was further increased. Results of the present study indicates that high level water-borne Cu2+ may obviouslyimpaire microstructure of the gills and hepatopancreas and induce the increase of metallothionein in the hepatopancreas.

隆线溞孤雌溞的生殖系统由一对卵巢、一对输卵管和一对雌性生殖孔组成。卵巢长管状，管壁由结缔组织膜和单层上皮细胞构成，末端渐细为一短小的输卵管，输卵管末端为雌性生殖孔。卵子的发生是由生发区细胞向卵巢内增殖分化，不同成熟度的生殖细胞在管腔内排列成生殖带。根据卵母细胞细胞核的大小及卵黄的累积情况等，将卵子的发生划分为三个时期：卵原细胞、卵母细胞和成熟卵子，其中卵母细胞的发生又可细分为三个时期：前期、中期和后期。后期的卵母细胞含较多的卵黄颗粒，最后成为成熟卵子，排入孵育囊内形成夏卵。隆线溞孤雌溞的卵巢发育要经历五个幼龄期，不同的龄期，卵巢的形态结构不同。至第五幼龄，卵巢已基本发育成熟，准备排卵进入第一成龄。

本文系统地观察了隆线溞夏卵的胚胎发育。根据胚胎外部形态学特征，将其胚胎发育分为卵期、长胚期、双复眼期和单复眼期四个主要时期，并采用生物化学方法测定和分析了隆线溞夏卵胚胎发育过程中蛋白质和氨基酸的组成和含量。实验得知，可溶性蛋白和氨基酸含量的变化趋势与隆线溞夏卵胚胎发育的特征密切相关，卵期可溶性蛋白和氨基酸含量呈下降趋势，而长胚期略有所上升，但从双复眼期至胚胎准备孵化期间又持续下降。随着隆线溞夏卵胚胎的发育，可溶性蛋白的组成由大分子量的蛋白向小分子量的蛋白转化；在所有的氨基酸中谷氨酸的含量最高，必需氨基酸中亮氨酸的含量最高。结果表明，蛋白质和氨基酸是隆线溞胚胎发育过程中的主要营养物质，不仅用于胚胎发育组织和器官的构建，而且为胚胎发育提供能量。

采用生物化学方法测定了罗氏沼虾胚胎发育各时期的蛋白质总含量、可溶性蛋白含量和氨基酸的组成。结果表明：随着胚胎的发育，蛋白质总含量和氨基酸总含量均呈上升的趋势，而可溶性蛋白则呈下降的趋势。胚胎发育各时期均含18种氨基酸，其中8种为必需氨基酸。多种必需氨基酸含量随着胚胎发育的进行而增加，其变化与氨基酸的含量呈显著相关性。单个必需氨基酸与必需氨基酸总量的比值（A/E）基本趋于一致。在所有的氨基酸中，Glu含量最高，在必需氨基酸中，Leu含量最高。蛋白质和氨基酸含量的变化与其发育过程中组织器官的构建密切相关。

采用生物化学方法分别测定了红螯螯虾胚胎发育期主要消化酶（胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶）的比活力及主要同工酶（乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和酯酶）的活力。结果显示：5种消化酶各自表现出不同的变化模式；同工酶酶谱则随胚胎发育渐趋复杂，酶活性随之增强。且胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶的比活力及4种同工酶的活力均在准备孵化期达到较高水平。结果表明：消化酶和同工酶活力的高低均受其基因的调控，随胚胎发育适时表达，为胚胎组织、器官和系统的形成以及未来仔虾的开口摄食提供物质保证。

用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察隆线溞精子的发生过程及成熟精子的超微结构。隆线溞精子发生经历精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞和成熟精子四个时期。精原细胞核染色质凝集成团，细胞质内有线粒体、粗面内质网分布。精母细胞核染色质分散，不均匀地分布于核中，细胞质内粗面内质网聚集。在精子细胞分化形成精子的早期，细胞纵向拉伸，核物质开始浓缩；中期精子细胞呈明显的长条形，精子细胞逐渐移入精巢管腔中央，外围包裹一厚层精子鞘；后期精子细胞已进入管腔中，核物质呈高度浓缩状，细胞质层较少，精子细胞间通过外围精子鞘相互粘连成片。成熟精子分散在精巢管腔中央，外形呈棒状，一端稍钝，一端稍尖，无鞭毛、棘突等附属物；核内染色质解聚，均匀分布在核中，具双层核膜，细胞质层很少，精子鞘为单层，无法确认顶体端。隆线溞雄性生殖细胞的结构及其发生过程均较高等甲壳动物简单和原始，但在功能上表现出相对的适应性，使以隆线溞为代表的枝角类能适应复杂多变的生活环境。