Heavy metals are one of the important factors that affect the final disposal of sewage sludge. In this paper, the metal mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sewage sludge were studied by using Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure to get more information for the reasonable disposal of sludge. Sewage sludge was collected from five municipal wastewater treatment plants and three industrial wastewater treatment plants. The sludge was examined for and the total concentrations and different chemical fractions of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn. The total metal concentrations of heavy metals in sludge varied greatly. The contents of Zn and Cu were the highest, followed by then Cr, Ni and Pb and the content of Cd was the least. There was no significant difference in total metal concentration between municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Fractions extracted by the BCR sequential procedure were acid soluble/exchangeable, reducible and oxidizable fraction. Sludge pH was found to have profound effect on the chemical fractions of heavy metals. Acidic sludges (Xiamen and Jinlin Petrochemical Group Co., wastewater treatment plant) had higher proportion of the acid soluble/exchangeable fractions than in neutral sludge. In neutral sludges, Pb and Cr were principally distributed in between the oxidizable fraction and the residual fraction; Cu was in the oxidizable fraction; Cd mainly in the residual fraction in municipal wastewater treatment plants and had high percentage of acid soluble/exchangeable and reducible fractions in industrial wastewater treatment plants; Ni and Zn had higher percentage in the acid soluble/exchangeable and the oxidizable fraction.

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the mixture of wastewater discharged from a submerged multiport diffuser in the Nantong sea-area. The process was then simulated with a three-dimensional numerical model. The plane or line patch was used to impose the discharge momentumflux in the near field. A comparison of model simulation with laboratory experiments shows that the proposed model can be used to simulate the shapes of pollution plumes, the distributions of excess concentration, and the velocity induced by a coflowing diffuser in proximity to a shoreline boundary. From the numerical simulation and laboratory experiments, it is recommended that the multiport diffuser be placed in a hydrodynamically active sea-area.

The biodegradation rate constant (K) of 21 substituted phenols, anilines, and benzoic acids was determined by using bacteria from the Songhua River (Jilin Province, China) as an inoculum. All of the compounds studied are readily biodegradable chemicals, as shown by their high K values. The quantitative structure-biodegradation relationship results showed that the biodegradation rate of the studied compounds is related mainly to the heat of formation (Hf) and the negative logarithm of the ionization constant (pKa), whereas no simple relationship exists with the n-octanol-water partition coefficients. The equation K=-1.127

氨氮污染已成为我国江河湖库水质下降和水生态系统退化的重要因素之一。借助现场对比观测试验和理论分析的方法，研究不同季节氨氮对河流水质的影响规律，得到了雨洪初期汇流河流水质污染最为严重的结论。系统地研究了沿河岸芦苇带对氨氮的削减净化效应，得到了芦苇带吸附氨氮的主要影响因素为：芦苇生长期、水体污染物浓度、河道流速及气象条件。运用数值模拟和参数优化估算技术，确定氨氮在河道两岸有、无芦苇等植物条件下的衰减系数和削减量，分析了衰减系数的变化规律和削减量大小的影响因素，为河流水生态系统修复和水质预测预报提供科学依据。

以江苏奎河为例，观测研究奎河污染物CODCr、NH+4 -N、NO-3-N、Cl-入渗进入地下水中发生物理、化学及生物变化的时空分布规律，分析河道沿岸土壤对污染物的去除能力。结果表明：河床的土壤对污染物CODCr具有很高的去除率，对NH+4 -N亦有较高的去除率。河道中的NO-3-N在入渗过程中虽有一定的去除率，但由于NH+4-N、NO-2-N等污染因子转化成NO-3 -N，因此该浓度不一定会明显降低。Cl-是保守性污染因子，入渗过程中虽有一定的去除率，但仍对沿岸地下水环境产生影响。因此，当污染河道中污染因子是保守性物质时，必须考虑对沿岸地下水源地的影响。

在分析非饱和土壤中水分和溶质迁移转化规律的基础上，采用与坐标网格相适应的分块连续作用的水动力函数，研究模型参数最优化估算技术。运用Gauss-Newton最小化计算的Leven-berg-Marquardt修正法来实现反求模型的迭代问题。该方法被应用于估算一维土柱和二维土槽试验研究模型的参数，探讨了参数给定与估算数量对参数的置信区间和预测效果的影响。经验证表明，参数优化估算技术是可行的，以此参数进行模型预测，其结果是可信的。

在分析野外现场观测资料的基础上，建立河流污水饱和入渗对沿岸地下水质影响的数学模型，应用全隐式差分和时间中心差分格式离散方程，并在计算过程中选择调用。以河流污水的保守性污染因子Cl-1和非保守性污染因子NH+42N为例研究模型参数，应用江苏徐州市奎河的徐村和黄桥断面实测资料进行建模和验模，为污染河道沿岸地下水开发利用和水环境保护提供技术支持。

在分析氮物质迁移过程的基础上，借助于土柱物理模型试验装置，试验研究了氮类污染物在土壤中迁移转化规律，得到了NH+4-N、NO-3-N在土柱内的时空变化过程。在分析实测资料后，建立了考虑氮的迁移和转化的数学模型。根据实测资料和数学模型的数值解，运用最优化技术率定模型参数，参数验证结果与独立的实测值吻合良好。