Chronic hepatitis B is the immunocompromising condition. The decrease of lymphocyte telomerase is linked to immunosenescence in hosts. To know whether telomerase activity of lymphocytes is involved in immunopathogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, telomerase activity of peripheral lymphocytes was determined in such patients. The results showed that telomerase activity in resting peripheral lymphocytes of healthy subjects was detectable at low level, and obviously increased (PB0.001) after stimulation in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Telomerase activity of lymphocytes decreased with age in both groups with or without PHA stimulation. Telomerase activity of resting lymphocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis B was also observed at detectable level and markedly upregulated after PHA stimulation. The decreased telomerase activity of resting lymphocytes was found in patients with chronic hepatitis B (n 14, 0.3290.27) compared to that in healthy subjects (n 17, 0.5290.28; PB0.05). However, there was no difference present between these two groups in telomerase activity of activated lymphocytes with PHA. In addition, no effect of recombinant human interleukin-12 (rhIL-12) on telomerase expression was observed in either the patient group or the healthy group. We concluded that the decreased telomerase activity of lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis B patients is present, which may be partly responsible for immunosuppressive condition in such patients.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we examined 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Helicobacter species in liver tissue specimens obtained from 15 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Sixty percent (9 of 15) of these specimens were found to be positive for Helicobacter species. Four 16S rDNA fragments from positive PCR samples were directly sequenced. By sequence comparison, all were found to be 99% identical to the 16S rRNA of Helicobacter pylori.

Aims: Several studies have shown the presence of helicobacter species in the human biliary tract and in the intestinal tract of animals. Experimental infection by Helicobacter hepaticus in mice causes chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated whether helicobacter species could be detected in the liver of patients with HCC. Methods: Liver samples from 20 patients with primary liver carcinoma diagnosed by histopathology and 16 controls without primary liver carcinoma were studied. Histology with standard and immunohistochemical stains, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using helicobacter genus specific 16S rRNA primers were used to detect the presence of bacteria. Amplified products were identified by Southern hybridisation and sequencing. A search for other genes specific for Helicobacter pylori was also performed. Results: Helicobacter species 16S rDNA was found in eight of 20 samples of primary liver carcinoma, whereas none of the controls harboured this rDNA. Six helicobacter specific PCR amplicons were sequenced and were found to have 98.5-99.0% similarity to the 16S rDNA of H pylori. Of the eight positive samples, seven were positive in PCR using 26 kDa protein primers and six showed morphological and immunohistochemical evidence of H pylori. The cagA and glmM genes were detected in only two samples. The vacA and rps4 genes were not detected. Conclusions: Helicobacter can be present in the liver of patients with primary liver carcinoma and is probably linked to the carcinogenic process in the liver.

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within specific sequence contexts (CpG motifs) are known as potent activators of the immune system and inducers of several Th1-associated immunomodulatory cytokines. CpG ODNs show promise as vaccine adjuvants and immunoprotective agents in animals. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of D type CpG ODN on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in vitro. The experiments were performed in HepG2 2.2.15 cells, which contain an integrated tandem dimer of the HBV genome and are routinely used for anti-HBV study. HepG2 2.2.15 cells co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) plus CpG ODN for 3 days, remarkably reduced the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg, when compared to cells treated with PBMCs plus non-CpG ODN. The levels of intracellular HBV DNA and HBV mRNA were also decreased. Treatment of HepG2 2.2.15 cells with the culture supernatants of PBMCs activated by CpG ODN can remarkably suppress the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg as compared with that of PBMCs without CpG ODN activation under the same conditions. There were no inhibitory effects on the replication of HBV to be found for CpG ODN treatment alone. These results suggest that CpG ODN can inhibit indirectly HBV replication in vitro via activating the immune cells, and could contribute to the development of an immunoregulator against HBV infection.