可挥发硫（AVS）对于控制重金属在沉积物-间隙水中的分配和重金属的生物可利用性及迁移性有重要意义。填埋场环境与海洋底泥中相似，因此参考沉积物中AVS和SEM的测定方法来研究填埋垃圾中重金属的迁移性。测定了填埋垃圾AVS的最佳反应条件，并在该条件下测定了杭州天子岭垃圾处理处置总场不同填埋深度垃圾的AVS与同步浸提金属（SEM），发现AVS随着填埋深度的增加而增加，但是n（SEM）Pn（AVS）远远大于1，为25～45，说明填埋场中AVS不是重金属的主要结合相，AVS不是影响填埋场中重金属迁移性的主要因素。

A unique type of waste-air pollution control (APC) residues-has received increasing attention in China since the first large-scale incinerator, Shanghai Yuqiao municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plant, was installed in the country in 2002. The APC residues of this particular plant are similar to other residues that will be produced in other incineration plants under construction in China. This work examines for the first time the benchmark contaminants of APC residues from the Yuqiao Plant, with reference to soluble salts, heavy metals and dioxins. Experimental findings reveal that the residues contained a marked amount of soluble salts, of up to 17.4-21.9% (mostly chlorides), 0.98-1.5 ng TEQ/g ash of dioxins and various heavy metals. Lead is of particular concern, and requires stabilization before disposal. Heavy metal speciation schemes were implemented herein to determine the leaching characteristics. The correlation between the amounts of soluble salts or chemical speciation of the heavy metals and the leaching toxicity of these heavy metals in the residues is considered.

In this paper, the discussion is concentrated on the properties of the polluted sediments and the combination of clean-up and disposal process for the upper layer heavily polluted sediments with good flowability. Based on the systematic analyses of various clean-up processes, a suitable engineering process has been evaluated and recommended. The process has been applied to the river reclamation in Yangpu District of Shanghai City, China. An improved centrifuge is used for dewatering the dredged sludge, which plays an important role in the combination of clean-up and disposal process. The assessment of the engineering process shows its environmental and technical economy feasibility, which is much better than that of traditional dredging-disposal processes.

Tap water, aerobically pre-treated leachate, and anaerobically pre-treated leachate, were each fed into the top of a series of three simulated landfills columns, filled with municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China. Changes in leachate, including pH, total organic carbon (TOC), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the produced biogas were monitored over time. The tap-water-fed columns had a low hydrolysis rate that yielded an acidic environment (pH 4.8-5.4) in the leachate that inhibited methanogenesis reaction in the refuse. When aerobically pre-treated leachate was fed into the columns, the hydrolysis rate of total organic carbon fluctuated between 200 and 400mgd 1 and methanogenesis in the refuse column was only partly activated. The hydrolysis rate of refuse fed with anaerobically pre-treated leachate was the highest among the three solutions. The high alkaline levels of the anaerobically pre-treated leachate and its methanogenic bacteria led to an early activation of methanogenesis in the refuse columns. The VFAs contributed approximately 40-60% of TOC in tap-water-fed columns, 60-80% of TOC in the columns fed aerobically pretreated leachate, and up to 70-90% of TOC in columns fed with anaerobically pre-treated leachate. The feed solution had considerably affected leachate characteristics, and then the build-up of the methanogenesis in the refuse column and the composition of fermentation products in the leachate. The success of a bioreactor landfill depends on whether the recycled leachate could yield a favorable methanogenic environment in the top refuse layer, or whether an appropriate pre-treatment is adopted to modify the leachate characteristics.

The low-tempeature thermo-chemical convesion processfor sewage sludge is a prospective technology. Through which the energy in the sludge can be recowered, with the help of elementary analysis of sewage sludge and its conversion products. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)of the sludge and GC/MS analysis of the darivadoil, a study was carried out on element transfer, charactersite conversion temperature and conversion reaction mechanism of the process. The following resuits are obtained; 1) the predominant convesion reactions are distillation of aliphtatic compounds, splitting of protein peptide bonds and group transfer, and 2) the main components involved in the conversion are aliphatic compounds and protein, with the lower reaction temperature for the former, the higherf or the latter and the highest for saccharides, Based on the emchanism analyses, the simplified reaction model of the thermo-chemical conversion process for sewage sludge consists of two sorial competitive reactions (producing volatile reatter and char respectively), The estimated Amtermius Kineticparametars of the reaction model bsased on TGA testing results are A1=4.15

The landfill of municipal solid wa ste (MSW) could be regarded as denitrification reactor and involved in ammonia nitrogen biological removal process. In this research, the process was applied to municipal solid wa ste collected in Shanghai, China, which was characterized by high food wa ste content. The NH+4 removal efficiency in the system of SBR nitrifying reactor followed by fresh and matured landfilled wa stelayer in series was studied. In the nitrifying reactor, above 90% of NH+4 in leachate was oxidized to NO-2 and 3 were removed in the way of denitrification proce ss in fre sh landfilled wa ste layer. At the same time, degradation of fresh landfilled waste was accelerated. Up to the day 120, 13615gCP (kgdry waste) and 1719gNP (kgdry waste) were converted from waste layer. It accounted for 50115% and 86189% of the total carbon and nitrogen content of preliminary fresh waste, which was 4142 times and 5117 times higher than that of reference column re spectively. After filtering through matured landfilled waste, BOD5 concentration in leachate dropped to below 100 mgPL, which would not affect following nitrification adversely. Because the matured landfilled waste acted as awell methanogenic reactor, 23% of carbon produced accumulatively from fresh landfilled waste degradation was converted into CH4.

To develop a more effective process for removing H2S and methyl mercaptan (MeSH), which are the important odorous components emitted from wastewater treatment facilities, a packed bed filled with immobilized micro-organism beads was studied. This study encompassed bacteria enrichment, evalution of bacteris immobilization methods, determination of optimum operation paramenters, such as environmental conditions for bacteria growth, removal rate of the packed bed etc. The experimental results are shown as follows: (1) the cultures able to metabolize H2S and MeSH can be enriched from activated sludge and the enrichment periods are 1-2 days and 7-10 days for H2S and MeSH, respectivety; (2) the key environmental parameter influencing the cultures is pH value, the suitable ranges are 2-3 and 6-8 for H2S and MeSH, respectively; (3) the maximum removal rate for H2S and MeSH are 6500g/m2 bed d and 4g/m3 bed d, respectively; (4) the superficial M-M kinetics parameters are Vm: 11.2g S/kg dry beads hand Ks: 95.8mg/m3 for H2S, and Vm: 0.052g S/kg dry beads h and Ks: 2.1mg/m3 for MeSH; (5) a two-stage biofilter operated in series under different ph values is recommended, which can remove the H2S and MeSH effectively.

The centrifugal dewatering of dredged slurry from a contaminated river would produce centrate that contained high levels of pollutants and particulates. The direct discharge of the centrate back to the river has predominant negative effects on the river water quality. In this study, particulates in the centrate were proposed to be removed by the use of a combined clarification