无论是地应力场宏观控制区域水文地质条件，还是微观影响含水介质的渗透特性，都有其深刻的内在发生机制，生产实例和实验室试验表明：在宏观地质大尺度下，岩层以破碎、位移适应地应力场变化并为地下水的富集及运动提供场所，地下水则以流动和压力传递来调整含水空间、扩张岩石裂隙实现流固宏观耦合，尽管地质历史时期构造应力场经历多起叠加改造，但形成区域主要构造骨架时的地应力场与渗流场具有相当的一致性，主渗透方向与最大水平主应力方向一致；在宏观地质中尺度下，应力变化剧烈区、极低地应力区、应力集中区、剪应力集中区等往往与含水介质的主干裂隙相一致，地应力均匀变化区则与基质的三重含水介质对应；在微观地质小尺度下，岩石空隙为三重孔隙介质，包括基质孔隙、裂缝孔隙和管道状孔隙，孔隙度和渗透率是有效应力的函数，孔隙岩块的孔隙度和渗透率随有效应力的变化关系符合指数型数学模型，裂缝型岩石宜用幂指数型数学模型描述，毛细管型岩石则用二次抛物线数学模型描述较为恰当。裂纹有效压缩系数、闭合压力计算揭示了裂缝性岩芯的渗透率和孔隙度损失较孔隙性岩芯损失大的机理，裂纹有效压缩系数计算还说明同一介质渗透率变化总是大于孔隙度变化；厚壁筒理论证实，实验得出的毛细管型岩石孔隙度和渗透率损失与有效应力的二次抛物线关系正确。

For better interpretation of geologic systems using information of 3-D seismic exploration, relations of rocks wave velocity and stresses are studied in rock physical experiment and practice applications. Geologic systems are made up of multi-phase, such as solid, liquid, gas, many kinds of mineral and different types of structures, whatever scale is, they can be simulated by generalized multiple porosity media geologic models, rock wave velocity is equivalent velocity of asymmetry geological systems at some scale. So, geologic settings are key dominate factors of media wave velocity at different scale. Weather in seismic exploration or in experiment, there are relationship of effective stresses with elastic modulus and wave velocity of rocks, coherence of seismic wave velocity and stresses will be base of further studying of geologic systems.

Because some problems could not be resolved, such as singular points, inhomogeneous media, unconfined aquifer, etc, applications of the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) to engineering, even to seepage simulation and management in porous media, get seriously influenced. In order to promote widely its applications, some improved projects have been developed and applied to practice aim at key techniques restricted its applications. (1) Problems of inhomogeneous media and unconfined aquifer could be completely solved by infinite series approach methods in implement of BIEM. It is shown by the case studies that the approach not only take full advantages of traditional BIEM, but also overcome effectively its deadly disadvantages and get enough accuracy. It should be used at suitable conditions; (2) Accuracy of BEM can be convinced by singular treatment and' double nodes one value method' is the best one in all methods; (3) It is shown by solving dewatering practice in a surface mine that compared with the embed method, the response matrix method has advantages of full using inherence relationship in hydraulic system, smaller restrict condition matrix, rapidly calculation. Combined with response matrix method, Laplace transform of BIEM can even more develop advantages of dimensional reduced in solving, being independent of time steps, less workload, excellent accuracy.

Based on their characteristics analyzing in detail of exterior shape and interior substance, basic control factors, hydrogeology and so on, mechanisms of water inrush from Karstic collapse columns is studied, excavation process of working face are simulated with FLAC3D when a collapse column exists in the coal floor. Numerical simulations and experiments show that: (1) because of the collapse column existed in the coal floor, stress and strain distribution are asymmetric, concentrating coefficients of stress become bigger, the closer distant with it, the bigger its influence, but influence for failure modes of rock masses is less. When the border cliff of the collapse column and division of compressive and expand zones on coal floor are superposition on the same line, that is the best state of shear yield and water inrush from coal floor takes place most often. (2) Rock failure mechanism under hydraulic pressure is shear-tension-pressure complex and giving priority to shear. When there is a Karstic collapse column in coal floor, mining pressure and seep intenerating as well as dilatancy cause fractures expanded in all directions. When value of hydraulic pressure is larger than that of the minimum principal stress on key stratum, fractures transfix at last and water inrush takes place.

For water inrush from Karstic collapse columns being effectively simulated and predicted, and prevented measures being effectively took in engineering design, such as design of working faces and water proof columns, the mechanical models for water inrush and the math models for water inrush volumeare studied. The results show that proper hydrogeological settingmake up of necessary condition of water inrush, proper mechanical basics are its sufficient condition, water inrush is caused by supplement each other of twoconditions. They can be imaged as 'thick wall cylinders' when analyzing mechanical basics, water inrush from roof and floor can be regarded as 'lid failure of thick wall cylinder', and water inrush from lateral wall of coal columns as 'lateral wall failure of the cylinder', hydraulic pressure and geo-stress in the paths of waterinrush are inner and outer pressures of the cylinder, thin plate and shear failure theory can be applied for different kinds of key strata, and criterions of water inrush can be separately derived, these are sufficientconditions, namely, water inrush happens when critical states being reached or exceeded based on necessary conditions. According to viewpoint of systems, KCCs are one kind of media in a mine groundwater systemof generalized multiple porous media seepage, and are also special hydro-geological subsystems in which Karstic groundwater is as their recharge, columns are flow pathways, and roadways or working facesare as their discharge. The properties of water-bearing in KCCs, on the other hand,are controlled and influenced by several conditions and factors, such as tectonic movement, groundwater flow conditions, substance, solid and cementation in the columns, as well as confined pressure. According to their hydrogeological propertiesand patterns, KCCs can be taken as equivalent channel models, which can be embedded into mine groundwater system of generalized multiple porous mediaseepage, their hydrogeological parameters can be calculated byinversion of the math models, and water inrush volume be predicted with the models.

low some laws or principles. Cases study and tests show that: ① At macro-geologic large scale, deformed and crashed rocks which were induced by geo-stress fields changing provided space for groundwater storage and flow. Groundwater adjusts water-bearing space and dilatants fractures by flowing and press transferring. Coupling of liquid and solid can be implemented for rocks and groundwater. Although tectonic fields witness several times of change and build-up in geological time, stress fields forming regional tectonic framework have coherent with seepage fields, orientation of the maximum horizontal stress demonstrates main seepage directions. ② At macro-geologic middle scale, zones of stresses changing sharply, quite low stresses, stress or shear concentration can be used to show locations and types of main fractures, zones of geo-stresses changing equably can be acted as normal base media zones of tri-porosity media. ③ At micro-geologic small scale, tri-porosity media include fractured rocks, porous rocks and capillary rocks. Investigations indicate that porosity or permeability is functions of effective stresses, and porosity or permeability changing rules of porous rocks with variation of effective stresses can be described as the index model, the model of power exponent functions is suitable for those of fractured rocks, themodel of the second power parabola for capillary rocks. The porosity and permeability loss in fractured rocks, which are greater than that in porous rocks, is shown by calculation of effective compressive coefficient and closing pressure in cracks. The calculations can also explain mechanism why porosity changes are always larger than permeability changes. It is proved by the thick wall cylinder theory that the second power parabola relation between porosity or permeability loss and effective stresses for capillary rocks is correct.

岩溶陷落柱是中国北方型石炭二迭纪煤田的一种特殊隐伏垂向构造，广泛分布于20个煤田45个煤矿区，对煤矿安全生产危害极大。为实现岩溶陷落柱的数学模拟并准确预测其涌（突）水量，进行了其充水特征及受控机制的研究，并建立了水文地质模型。研究表明，陷落柱的充水受地质构造运动、地下水径流条件、柱体内物质组成、压实和胶结情况以及承受水压大小等多种条件和因素控制和影响，而各种因素又彼此促进和相互制约，只有处在现代岩溶水强径流带和集中排泄带并隐伏埋藏在地下水水位以下者，才能构成突水的潜在威胁，真正造成突水危害的还需要其它条件的配合，这就决定了绝大部分北方岩溶陷落柱并不充水也不导水。但是，岩溶陷落柱一旦突水，水量大且迅猛，预测及防治难度极大。按照系统论的观点，灰岩地下水是其补给源，柱体本身是充水通道，井巷或采煤工作面是其排泄点，岩溶陷落柱作为矿井地下水广义三重介质渗流系统的一类介质，自身又构成了独特的岩溶陷落柱水文地质子系统。子系统内部特征的详细深入研究，可将陷落柱划分为全充水强导水型、边缘充水导水型和不导水或微弱导水疏干型三种类型，在地下水系统中相应地概化为垂向管道、主干裂隙或垂向越流介质、隔水体或无影响介质，通过数学模型的解算实现矿井涌（突）水量的准确预测预报。

岩溶陷落柱是中国北方型石炭二迭纪煤田的一种特殊隐伏垂向构造，广泛分布于20个煤田45个煤矿区，通过对华北煤矿区岩溶陷落柱内部物质特征和外部形态特征的综合分析，认为适当的岩溶及地质构造是岩溶陷落柱形成的基本要素，其形成过程是多种因素影响的复杂动力地质过程。以奥灰岩层中岩溶发育为基础，地下水的强烈交替为条件，岩体自重重力，地应力集中以及溶洞内的真空负压三重作用为动力，经过迅速垮落、溶蚀、搬运、塌陷、冒落等周而复始的过程，分阶段逐步形成陷落柱。向斜轴部的岩层底面受张拉破碎为‘倒楔形’岩块，背斜轴部岩层底面受压破碎为‘正楔形’岩块。在重力作用下向斜轴部有利于岩块整体下移形成陷落柱，从力学上解释了‘华北地区岩溶陷落柱集中发育多在向斜褶曲部位而不是背斜轴部’这一基本规律。

为充分体现矿井裂隙水系统的强烈非均质性和不连续特征，运用广义多重介质理论，系统地研究了范各庄煤系含水介质。地质研究及水文地质试验表明，陷落柱作为含水介质的主干裂隙，其水文地质特征、渗流量计算等均不同于断裂裂隙或褶皱轴部裂隙。应概化为另一类主干裂隙介质；范各庄矿井地下水系统以煤层底板砂岩介质为主要目标含水层，F0断层及其伴生构造、井口向斜轴部、塔坨向斜轴部、13'陷落柱为主干裂隙，其间为等效裂隙岩块；主干裂隙控水且主干裂隙水流服从水流三次方定律，陷落柱等同水流管道，裂隙岩块等效多孔渗流介质；用水量交换耦台组成了广义三重介质渗流模型，该模型充分体现了煤系裂隙含水系统流场的空间特征。特别是强径流带和局部非连续渗流特征。广义三重介质渗流模型的流场和模型识别显示，范各庄矿井底板砂岩含水层正常裂隙岩块的渗透性及储水性较差，矿井水主要来源于构造导通的下部灰岩含水层；以不同矿井（突）涌水量为输入，运行系统模型。所得的流场形态分析认为，三水平12煤-14煤含水层的正常涌水量以0.167m3/s较为适当，最大涌水量不超过0.25m3/s，矿井正常总涌水量为0.333～0.417m3/s，矿井最大总涌水量为0.5m%。

岩溶陷落柱是中国北方型石炭二迭系煤田的一种特殊塌陷，广泛分布于20个煤田45个煤矿区，其导致的突水具有隐蔽性、突发性且与岩溶水有天然联系等特点，对煤矿安全生产危害极大。为研究煤层底板陷落柱破坏特征及突水机理采，用FLAC3D模拟分析了陷落柱影响下采面推进过程的不同阶段。数值模拟及实验显示，由于陷落柱的面积有限，矿压和水压力联合作用下使其发生弯曲并形成拉张破坏的可能性较小，一般产生剪切破坏虽然升降错动产生的剪应力上凸弯曲产生的拉应力和压应力的三重作用导致煤层底板岩层失稳破坏，但以剪应力作用为主：同时，陷落柱的存在改变了煤层底板的地质环境和岩体结构，底板有效隔水层厚度减小，岩体强度降低，应力应变分布不均，局部应力集中系数增大，使关键层的最小主应力进一步降低，一旦承压水压力，大于关键层的最小主应力承压水的渗水软化和压裂扩容即起作用，使底板岩层破坏裂隙沿最薄弱方向进一步扩展，导致裂隙贯通，最终形成管涌，发生突水。特别是，陷落柱的边壁、工作面底板压缩区与膨胀区的分界线重合在一条线上时，是底板岩层发生剪切破坏的最佳状态，最容易发生底臌突水。