中上扬子地区上二叠统长兴阶岩石主要为碳酸盐岩，其次为碎屑岩和硅岩，少量煤和火山碎屑岩；其岩相可归纳为碎屑岩型、碎屑岩—石灰岩型、石灰岩型、石灰岩—硅岩型、硅岩—碎屑岩型等五种类型；其生物化石具4个基本生态类型，可划分为5种化石组合。以沉积岩石学理论为指导，以单因素分析多因素综合作图法为方法论，选取了厚度、海相岩含量、浅水碳酸盐岩含量、具灰泥基质的生屑含量、具亮晶胶结的生屑含量、生物礁的分布、薄层硅岩含量和深水沉积岩含量等单因素，对中上扬子地区晚二叠世长兴期岩相古地理进行研究与编图。共编制单因素图件8幅，岩相古地理图1幅。研究表明中上扬子地区晚二叠长兴期岩相古地理格局规律明显，自西向东依次出现剥蚀区、冲积平原、碎屑岩台地、碳酸盐岩台地、斜坡与盆地，其中碳酸盐岩台地中可以划分出低能生物滩、高能生物滩和生物礁等次一级的古地理单元。沉积环境对烃源岩的发育具有明显的控制作用，研究区大隆组优质烃源岩发育；长兴阶储层应以礁相储层为主，环广元—梁平盆地是长兴组潜伏礁型油气藏的最有利勘探区域。

The Xujiajuan Formation of the Lower Xiangshan Group in Ningxia, China, is composed of grayish-green to yellowish-green, fine- to medium-grained sandstone, calcareous sandstone, siltstone, and shale. The upper part is thin-bedded limestone. At the top of the second and third members of the formation, a number of beds intercalated between turbidites and deep-water shale show well-developed cross-bedding. These beds are composed mainly of thin- to medium-bedded calcareous siltstone, fine-grained sandstone, fine-grained calcisiltitic limestone, and silty shale. All bedding types reflect traction-current action. The laminae of the bidirectional and unidirectional cross-bedded units tend to dip either opposite to or at a large angle to the regional slope. The units vary in shape and orientation in both upslope and downslope directions. A comprehensive evaluation of the sedimentary structures and inferred paleocurrents suggests that the cross-bedded intervals were not formed by contour currents or turbidity currents, but most probably represent internal-wave and internal-tide deposits.

宁夏中奥陶统香山群为一套遭受轻微区域变质的灰绿色中2细粒长石石英砂岩、板岩、砾屑灰岩和硅质岩等，从下到上可分为徐家圈组、狼嘴子组和磨盘井组。系统地论述了香山群发育的各种深水沉积的特征及其沉积序列，认为香山群由深水原地沉积和深水异地沉积组成，其中后者主要包括浊流沉积、碎屑流沉积、内波、内潮汐沉积和深水复合流沉积。垂向组成单元自下而上依次为浊流沉积层（Ⅰ）、牵引流沉积层（Ⅱ）和半深海沉积层（Ⅲ）。这些认识不仅对进一步开展香山群的沉积学研究具有重要的意义，而且也可为该地区早古生代构造环境的研究提供重要的信息，同时也为目前在国际上引起注意的深水重力流的流体特征研究提供新的实例。

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘陕西陇县中奥陶统平凉组主要为一套暗色页岩夹薄层粉砂岩、砂岩、灰岩及凝灰岩，可分为三个岩性段，其中第三段以灰绿、灰黑色页岩、粉砂质页岩、砂质页岩为主，夹深灰色薄层砂岩、粉砂岩、粒屑灰岩及青灰色灰化晶屑凝灰岩等。沉积环境分析表明平凉组主要为斜坡至盆地边缘沉积环境，以深水原地沉积为主，次为碎屑流和浊流沉积。第三段中部分薄层砂岩、粉砂岩中发育双向交错纹理和单向交错层理，纹层倾向既有沿斜坡向上和向下双向倾斜的，也有沿斜坡向下或沿斜坡向上单向倾斜的，但以沿斜坡向上单向倾斜的为主，它们不应是等深流沉积或浊流沉积，而应为内波、内潮汐产生的沿斜坡上下交替的流动所形成的，初步认为应属水道内潮汐沉积。

The study of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits is a new research field on sedimentology during the last ten years. Deep-water traction currents induced by internal waves and internal tides are developed on the modern sea floor, which can form not only all kinds of small scale and dispersal deep-water traction currents deposits, but also large-scale sediment wave in km-size scale. In this paper, the concepts and features of internal waves and internal tides in oceanography are introduced, and the characteristics, sedimentary sequences, sedimentary microfacies and sedimentation models of internal-wave and internal-tide deposits found and the origin of large scale sediment waves in deep sea bottom are summarized. The relationship between internal-wave and internal-tide deposits and petroleum is discussed, and finally internal-wave and internal-tide deposits are shown to be a new potential field for petroleum exploration.

四川盆地及其周缘地区下二叠统碳酸盐岩中，不同程度地发育着一些细晶至粗晶白云岩和白云质灰岩，前人将其解释为淡水透镜体混合白云石化的产物。根据野外及室内薄片观察，并结合阴极发光、碳氧稳定同位素、地球化学分析、包体均一温度和有序度的综合研究，认为这类白云岩主要是由埋藏白云石化作用形成的。

lnternal-tide and internal-wave deposits are a new and important type of deep-water traction-current deposits. Based on an analysis of documented internal-tide and internal-wave deposits, five facies types can be recognized: (i) bidirectionaI cross-Iaminaled sandstone fa-cies, (ii) unidirectional cross-bedded and cross-Iaminated sandstone facies, (iii) rhythmic a1-ternating sandstone facies and mudstone, (iv) flaser, wavy and lenticular bedded foraminiferaI limestone facies, (v) sandy oolitic Iimestone facies with flaser, wavy and lenticular bedding and epsilon cross bedding, which formed in submarine channel. unchannelized continentaI slope and plateau environments respectively. Accoding to the available data and knowledge, three sedimentation models are built: some discriminating Characteristics of internal-tide and ln-ternal-wave deposits. and the distinction between them and contourites and turbidites are summed up.

内潮汐、内波沉积是深水牵引流沉积中的一种新的重要类型。根据已发现的内潮汐、内波沉积，可将其归纳为5种岩相类型或沉积类型：（ⅰ）双向交错纹理砂岩；（ⅱ）单向交错层和交错纹理砂岩；（ⅲ）韵律性砂泥岩薄互层；（ⅳ）脉状、波状、透镜状层理有孔虫灰岩；（ⅴ）具脉状、波状、透镜状层理和侧积交错层的砂质鲕粒灰岩，它们分别形成于水道环境、陆坡非水道环境和海台环境。根据现有研究程度，建立了3种内潮汐、内波沉积模式，总结出了内潮汐、内波沉积的若干鉴别标志以及与等深流沉积和浊流沉积的区别。

本文论述了在中国首次发现的内潮汐沉积的特征及其形成环境。该内潮汐沉积发现于浙江省桐庐县桐君山地区上奥陶统上部，具有典型的对偶层双向递变层序。据其岩类组合和层序特征，可将其定为韵律性砂泥岩薄互层相。其中发育有特征的脉状、波状和透镜状层理。其沉积特征表明形成于开阔的深水斜坡环境，这种对偶层双向递变层序可能为内潮汐的大潮和小潮周期性变化的结果。

塔里木盆地塔中32井的中、上奥陶统钻遇厚度为1462m。它是一套巨厚的深灰色泥岩、页岩与灰色砂岩、粉砂岩互层夹少量灰岩的地层。其中深灰色泥岩、页岩最多；砂岩和粉砂岩主要分布于上部和下部，中部砂岩和粉砂岩较少；鲕粒灰岩数量少，主要夹于深灰色泥页岩中。这些砂岩和鲕粒灰岩既可单独成层，但更常见它们与深灰色泥页岩组合成薄互层。薄互层中发育脉状、波状和透镜状层理，并普遍发育交错层理和双向交错纹理。这些特征表明砂岩和鲕粒灰岩为深水斜坡上的内潮汐沉积的产物。这些内潮汐沉积进一步划分为4种类型：双向交错纹理细砂岩型、单向交错层和双向交错纹理中一细砂岩型、韵律性砂泥岩薄互层型和鲕粒灰岩型。它们具有5种垂向沉积层序，在剖面上常形成多旋回韵律性沉积组合。