Electrolysed water (EW) is an activated liquid with a high oxidation-reduction potential. EW causes oxidative damage to pathogenic microorganisms and as a result, may have utility in the food industry. The molecular mechanism of EW's action is not understood. In this study, we exposed Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 to a sub-lethal concentration of EW and examined structural and metabolic changes. Atomic force microscopy revealed that EW caused damage to E. coli membranes. To understand the metabolic responses to EW perturbations in of E. coli, multivariate data analysis of NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that EW significantly influenced the metabolic state. This included reducing nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, suppressing energy-associated metabolism, altering osmotic adjustment, and promoting fatty acid metabolism. The results enrich our understanding of E. coli metabolic changes caused by EW perturbation and support the effectiveness of the NMR metabolomics as a valuable tool to analyse and evaluate such a complex biological system.

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the characteristics and performance of a portable electrolytic sanitising unit. Free available chlorine (FAC), oxidation-reduction potential, and pH of electrolysed water were measured. Response surface methodology coupled with a Box-Behnken design was used to describe the input-output relationship and optimise FAC production. A partial catholyte solution was reintroduced to electrolysis for generating neutral electrolysed water. The result found that RuO2- IrO2/TiO2 electrode was very effective. A FAC concentration of 4 mg/L achieved >2 log CFU/mL reduction, while a FAC concentration of 40 mg/L achieved >6 log CFU/mL reduction in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes BAA-839. The developed sanitiser had a pH of 7.08 ± 0.08, and the commercial sanitiser had a pH of 3.77 ± 0.18. The developed sanitiser had similar bactericidal effects as the commercial sanitiser. The results revealed that the developed sanitising unit is promising for the control of foodborne pathogens.

本文评估了低浓度电解水（LcEW)）（4 mg/L 游离有效氯 ）温热处理清洗消毒技术，对有机西兰花安全和质量的影响。发现LcEW在50 oC温热处理情况下，对微生物及病原菌的杀灭能力最强。处理后的西兰花，抗氧化物含量、总酚水平以及铁离子还原力都维持不变，但是和未经过消毒处理的样品对比，氧自由基吸收能力升高。此外，温热处理提升了西兰花坚实度，这与果胶结构的改变相关。结果显示，温热处理引发了果胶链的拟定向和自发聚合。本研究显示，LcEW的温热处理能够在保证新鲜有机西兰花质量不打折扣的前提下，有效的减少微生物总数。

We consider the 2D quasi-geostrophic equation with supercritical dissipation and dispersive forcing in the whole space.When the dispersive amplitude parameter is large enough, we prove the global well-posedness of strong solution to the equation with large initial data. We also show the strong convergence result as the amplitude parameter goes to $\\infty$. Both results rely on the Strichartz-type estimates for the corresponding linear equation.

In this paper we study the blow-up criterion of smooth solution to the ideal MHDequations in Rn. By means of the Fourier frequency localization and Bony paraproduct decomposition,we show a losing estimate for the ideal MHD equations and apply it to establish an improvedblow-up criterion of smooth solutions. As a special case, we recover a previous result of Planchonfor the incompressible Euler equations.

In this paper, the large time behavior of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the one-dimensional fractal Burgers equation with α ∈ (1, 2) is studied. It is shown that if the nondecreasing initial datum approaches the constant states u± (u− < u+) as x → ±∞, respectively, then the corresponding solution converges toward the rarefaction wave, i.e., the unique entropy solution of the Riemann problem for the nonviscous Burgers equation.

In this paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solutions for the twodimensional viscous shallow water equations with low regularity assumptions on the initial data as well as the initial height bounded away from zero.

In this paper, we prove the local well-posedness for the ideal MHD equations in the Triebel–Lizorkin spaces and obtain a blow-up criterion of smooth solutions. Specifically, we fill a gap in a step of the proof of the local well-posedness part for the incompressible Euler equation in Chae (Comm Pure Appl Math 55:654–678: 2002).

We show a new Bernstein's inequality which generalizes the results ofCannone-Planchon, Danchin and Lemarié-Rieusset. As an application of this inequality,we prove the global well-posedness of the 2D quasi-geostrophic equation with thecritical and super-critical dissipation for the small initial data in the critical Besov space,and local well-posedness for the large initial data.

We improve and extend some known regularity criterion of the weak solution for the 3D viscous Magneto-hydrodynamics equations by means of the Fourier localization technique and Bony's para-product decomposition.

Abstract: We study the blow-up criterion of smooth solutions to the 3D MHD equations.By means of the Littlewood-Paley decomposition, we prove a Beale-Kato-Majda type blow-up criterion of smooth solutions via the vorticity of velocity only, namelysupj∈Z_T0__j (∇×u)_∞dt, where_j is the frequency localization operator in the Littlewood-Paley decomposition

Based on a temperature anomaly time series from 16 international exchange stations in Xinjiang from 1957 to 2012, the multi‐scale characteristics of temperature variability were analysed using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method. Regional differences in variation trends and change‐points were also preliminarily discussed. The results indicated that in the past 50+ years, the overall temperature in Xinjiang has exhibited a significant nonlinear upward trend, and its changes have clearly exhibited an inter‐annual scale (quasi‐3 and quasi‐6‐year) and inter‐decadal scale (quasi‐10 and quasi‐30‐year). The variance contribution rates of each component demonstrated that the inter‐annual change had a strong influence on the overall temperature change in Xinjiang, and the reconstructed inter‐annual variation trend could describe the fluctuation state of the original temperature anomaly during the study period. The reconstructed inter‐decadal variability revealed that the climate mode in Xinjiang had a significant transformation before and after 1995, namely the temperature anomaly shift from a negative phase to a positive one. Furthermore, there were regional differences in the nonlinear changes and change‐points of temperature. At the same time, the results also suggested that the EEMD method can effectively reveal variations in long‐term temperature sequences at different time scales and can be used for the complex diagnosis of nonlinear and non‐stationary signal changes.

By using extended SSH Hamiltonian plus long-range electron correlation Hamiltonian model, we calculated charge injection and spin polarization in a ferromagnetic metal/polymer/ferromagnetic metal structure. We adjust relative chemical potential between the ferromagnetic materials and the polymer to control charge transfer. It is found that when spin orientations of two ferromagnetic materials are parallel to each other, spin-polarized single polaron can be formed in the polymer, but when the spin orientations of two ferromagnetic materials are antiparallel to each other, bipolaron is formed and that spin polarization is found to be zero inside the polymer. The influence of the long-range electronic correlation on these polarons in the polymer is discussed

This paper aims at the global regularity problem concerning the 2D incompressible Boussinesq equations with general critical dissipation. The critical dissipation refers to $\alpha +\beta=1$ when $\Lambda^\alpha \equiv (-\Delta)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ and $\Lambda^\beta$ represent the fractional Laplacian dissipation in the velocity and the temperature equations, respectively. We establish the global regularity for the general case with $\alpha+\beta=1$ and $0.9132\approx \alpha_0<\alpha<1$. The cases when $\alpha=1$ and when $\alpha=0$ were previously resolved by Hmidi, Keraani and Rousset \cite{HKR1,HKR2}. The global existence and uniqueness is achieved here by exploiting the global regularity of a generalized critical surface quasi-gesotrophic equation as well as the regularity of a combined quantity of the vorticity and the temperature.

In this paper, we study the theory of the global well-posedness and scattering for the energy-critical wave equation with a cubic convolution nonlinearity $u_{tt}-\Delta u+(|x|^{-4}\ast|u|^2)u=0$ in spatial dimension $d \geq 5$. The main difficulties are the absence of the classical finite speed of propagation (i.e. the monotonic local energy estimate on the light cone), which is a fundamental property to show the global well-posedness and then to obtain scattering for the wave equations with the local nonlinearity $u_{tt}-\Delta u+|u|^\frac4{d-2}u=0$. To compensate it, we resort to the extended causality and utilize the strategy derived from concentration compactness ideas. Then, the proof of the global well-posedness and scattering is reduced to show the nonexistence of the three enemies: finite time blowup; soliton-like solutions and low-to-high cascade. We will utilize the Morawetz estimate, the extended causality and the potential energy concentration to preclude the above three enemies.

We prove the ill-posedness of the 3-D baratropic Navier-Stokes equation for the initial density and velocity belonging to the critical Besov space $(\dot{B}^{\f 3p}_{p,1}+\bar{\rho},\,\dot{B}^{\f 3p-1}_{p,1})$ for $p>6$ in the sense that a ``norm inflation" happens in finite time, here $\bar{\rho}$ is a positive constant. While, the compressible viscous heat-conductive flows is ill-posed for the initial density, velocity and temperature belonging to the critical Besov space $(\dot{B}^{\f 3p}_{p,1}+\bar{\rho},\,\dot{B}^{\f 3p-1}_{p,1},\,\dot{B}^{\f 3p-2}_{p,1})$ for $p>3$.

In this paper, we continue the study of the dynamics of the traveling waves for nonlinear Schrödinger equation with derivative (DNLS) in the energy space. Under some technical assumptions on the speed of each traveling wave, the stability of the sum of two traveling waves for DNLS is obtained in the energy space by Martel–Merle–Tsai’s analytic approach in Martel et al. (Commun Math Phys 231(2):347–373, 2002, Duke Math J 133(3):405–466, 2006). As a by-product, we also give an alternative proof of the stability of the single travelingwave in the energy space in Colin andOhta (Ann InstHenri Poincaré Anal Non Linéaire 23(5):753–764, 2006), where Colin and Ohta made use of the concentration compactness argument.

Commercially available passivation methods for white-rust protection of Hot-Dip Galvanized steel have been applied for chromate passivation. However, hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) is highly toxic and carcinogenic. Therefore, in this paper, we put forth a new means for white-rust protection of Hot-Dip Galvanized steel based on the effects of corrosion inhibitors. In this study, the passivation solution combines the advantages of inorganic salt passivation, silane passivation and resin passivation. The corrosion resistance of the inorganic and organic composite passivation films with corrosion inhibitors was determined by a neutral salt spray test and electrochemical Tafel polarization curves. The surface chemistry of the coatings was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIR). And further studying on the formation mechanism of the passivation film was carried out. The SEM indicated that the top surface of the passivation film was transparent, smooth, uniform and compact. The XPS and FTIR results showed that the passivation film consisted mainly of organic functional groups including-(CH2)n-, -OH, N-H, C=O, C-Si, C-O-C, C-N, Si-O-Si, Si-O-C and so on. The corrosion resistance of passivation film with corrosion inhibitors was significantly improved than that of the passivation film without corrosion inhibitor. After 96h of the corrosion test, the corrosion area was found to be less than 5 %, which indicated that the passivation film greatly improved the corrosion resistance of the hot-dip galvanized sheet, and exhibited a very good protective effect so that can met some industrial applications.

We study forward self-similar solutions to the 3-D Navier-Stokes equations with the fractional diffusion (−Δ)^α. First, we construct a global-time forward self-similar solutions to the fractional Navier-Stokes equations with 5/6 <α ≤1for arbitrarily large self-similar initial data by making use of the so called blow-up argument. Moreover, we prove that this so-lution is smooth in R^3×(0, +∞). In particular, when α =1, we prove that the solution constructed by Korobkov and Tsai (2016) [16]satisfies the decay estimate by establishing regu-larity of solution for the corresponding elliptic system, which implies this solution has the same properties as a solution which was constructed in Jia and Šverák (2014) [13].

In this paper we address the regularity issues of drift-diffusion equation with nonlocal diffusion, where the diffusion operator is in the realm of stable-type L\'evy operator and the velocity field is defined from the considered quantity by a zero-order pseudo-differential operator. Through using the method of nonlocal maximum principle in a unified way, we prove the eventual regularity result in the supercritical type cases and the global regularity at some logarithmically supercritical cases. The feature of these results is that the time after which the solution is smoothly regular in the supercritical type cases can be evaluated explicitly.