The Sydney-Bowen basin in eastern Australia is an elongate back arc-converted foreland basin system situated between the Lachlan Fold Belt in the west and the New England Fold Belt in the east. The Middle Permian Wandrawandian Siltstone at Warden Head near Ulladulla in the southern Sydney Basin is dominated by fossiliferous siltstone and mudstone, with a large amount of dropstones and minor pebbly sandstone beds. Two general types of deposits are recognized from the siltstone unit in view of the timing and mechanism of formation. One is represented by the primary deposits from offshore to subtidal environments with abundant dropstones of glacial marine origin. The second type is distinguished by secondary, soft-sediment deformational deposits and structures, and comprises three layers of mudstone dykes of seismic origin. In the latter type, metre scale, laterally extensive syn-depositional slump deformation structures occur in the middle part of the Wandrawandian Siltstone. The deformation structures vary in morphology and pattern, including large-scale complex-type folds, flexural stratification, concave-up structures, faulting of small displacements accompanied by folding and brecciation. The slumps and associated syn-sedimentary structures are attributed to penecontemporaneous deformations of soft sediments (mostly silty mud) formed as a result of mass movement of unconsolidated and/or semi-consolidated substrate following an earthquake event. The occurrence of the earthquake event deposits supports the current view that the Sydney Basin was located in a back-arc setting near the New England magmatic arc on an active continental margin during the Middle Permian.

Earthquake and its resultant tsunami, as a kind of disaster events in geological history, may be recorded as event deposits of seismite and tsunamite. Typical characteristics of seismite and tsunamite, including seismo-fracture bed, synsedimentary microfracture, micro-corrugated lamination, molar tooth structure, hummocky bedding etc, occurs in Mesoproterozoic Dalongkou Formation in central Yunnan Province. Three types of sedimentary units have been recognized: seismite (unit-A, including limestone with molar tooth structure, seismic shattering rock, seismic corrugated rock, autoclastic breccia and intraclastic parabreccia), tsunamite (unit-B, intraclastic limestone with hummocky bedding or parallel bedding) and background deposits (unit- C). Various stacking of these units constructs three distinct sedimentary sequences::A-B-C、A-C、B-C. The sequence A-B-C represents an event sedimentary sequence of earthquake-tsunami-background deposits. The sequence A-C represents the sequence of earthquake and background deposits (no tsunami occurring). The sequence B-C represents the sequence of tsunami and background deposits (far from the center of earthquake). As the central Yunnan province was located in a tectonic setting of rift basin in Mesoproterozoic era, the earthquake event deposits of Dalongkou Formation are sedimentary response to tectonic activity of the rift basin.

南秦岭西段勉略构造混杂岩带是由不同的构造岩片组成的非史密斯地层区。本文建立了勉略构造带太古宙—石炭纪的地层系统。勉略构造带及其邻区地层格架分析表明晚震旦世—寒武纪勉略构造带及中秦岭为扬子板块北缘的一部分。奥陶纪—志留纪大致沿勉略构造带形成南秦岭裂陷槽。泥盆纪—石炭纪该裂陷槽进一步开裂形成勉略洋。该洋盆从石炭纪开始俯冲萎缩并最终于三叠纪后期碰撞、闭合并造山。

“三河口群”分布于南秦岭西段、陕甘川交界的勉县—略阳—康县—文县临江—南坪塔藏一带, 其南北均为断裂带限制。过去,“三河口群”的研究在史密斯地层学的理论指导下, 整体时代认为是下、中泥盆统。在非史密斯地层学理论的指导下, 对勉略带“三河口群”进行了解体, 建立了该带的原地和异地地层系统。新的地层系统包括了从太古界到石炭系不同时代的地层, 该地层系统揭示了南秦岭古海洋和大地构造演化过程: 南秦岭晚震旦世—早寒武世为扬子板块的一部分, 奥陶纪—志留纪时期沿南秦岭勉县—略阳—安康—随县(南) 形成裂陷槽盆地, 该盆地于中晚志留世有所萎缩但尚未完全关闭。泥盆纪时期该裂陷槽进一步开裂并形成有限洋盆, 石炭纪洋盆出现向南的俯冲。该洋盆可能在二叠纪仍然存在, 于印支期最终闭合。

本文在牙形石生物地层对比的基础上，着重讨论吉维特-弗拉斯期的沉积相和沉积古地理。将该期地层红岭山组分为陆棚，开阔台地、局限台地、生物礁和丘、礁前斜坡及泻期六十相及十二十微相。提出西成地区泥盆纪存在—南北两侧均有镶边礁的小型碳酸盐台地，礁间泻期区是该区铅锌矿成矿的有利部位，也是今后寻找铅锌矿的重点靶区。