We have previously demonstrated that oral administration of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) markedly increases CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK (asialoGM1+) cells in the blood of tumor-bearing mice and enhances anti-metastatic activity. In this paper, we document that oral administration of bLF and bLF-hydrolysate (bLFH) is associated with strong increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T, as well as asialoGM1+ cells in lymphoid tissues and lamina propria of the small intestine in mice, especially in tumor-bearing animals in which Co26Lu cells were implanted subcutaneously. Moreover, IgM+ and IgA+ B cells in lamina propria of the small intestine were also significantly increased by bLF and bLFH. Bovine apo-transferrin (bTF) did not exhibit such activity. In the colon, only CD8+ cells were significantly increased by treatment with bLF, while asialoGM1+ cells were significantly decreased. bLF and bLFH induced cytokines to activate T, B and asialoGM1+ cells. Administration of bLF and bLFH, but not bTF, increased production of interleukin-18 (IL-18), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ ) and caspase-1 in the mucosa of the small intestine. Particularly high levels of IL-18 were found in the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Moreover, administration of bLF and bLFH, but not bTF, induced IFN-γ presenting cells in the small intestine. Caspase-1, which processes proIL-18 to mature IL-18, was also induced in the epithelial cells of the small intestine following treatment with bLF and bLFH, but not with bTF. These results suggest that enhanced production of IL-18 and IFN-γ and caspase-1 induction by treatment with bLF may be important for elevation of intestinal mucosal immunity.

目的：探讨从吗啡向芬太尼持续注入转换的适当换算比例。方法：通过20例癌性疼痛患者的回顾性临床调查，对疼痛程度、药物不良反应及治疗满意度进行评价。结果：本组转换后1周内稳定(转换前后疼痛强度无明显变化)(Good组)的有17例，不稳定(Poor组)的有3例。芬太尼注射剂和吗啡有同等的镇痛效果；转换后能够减轻副作用、提高满意度。结论：推荐从低剂量吗啡向芬太尼注射剂转换的换算比例是72：1，并且推测从非低用量吗啡向芬太尼注射剂转换的换算比例小于72：1有可能达到稳定。但不可能确定从吗啡向芬太尼持续注入转换的具体换算比例，应考虑转换前吗啡用量，再行确定转换的具体比例。

Lactferrin (LF)是一种铁结台性糖蛋口质，最初作为抗菌蛋白质被广泛研究。 LF在多种哺乳类乳汁中广泛含有，但在人乳中含量最高。 LF能够争夺微生物生长所需铁离子，并且能激活自然杀伤（NK）细胞和中性粒细胞，诱导集落刺激活性，刺激淋巴因子激活杀伤（LAK)细胞，增强巨噬细胞的细胞毒作用，调整肠内环境改善肠蠕动，预防 c型肝炎病毒的感染，预防癌发生及癌转移，本文对此作了综述。