本文运用计量和统计分析的方法, 对1949 —1978 年中国大陆农业生产效率进行实证分析。分析结果表明, 在不同的土地产权制度下, 所激励的生产要素投入量不同, 从而农业总产出有较大不同; 在投入相同的生产要素和政策要素下, 农业的产出也有不同。综合比较后认为: “所有权农民私有、合作或适度统一经营”是相对较好的制度。因为在这种制度下, 能较大程度地激励各生产要素的投入, 土地和劳动等要素的利用率也较高, 从而使农业总产值高速而稳定增长。

1815—1846 年间英国谷物法的变革是保护贸易制度向自由贸易制度过渡的一个典型案例。本文通过对这段历史史实的重新考察和分析, 揭示了收入分配成本相对变动原理, 它可以解释国家农产品贸易政策的演变。英国政府在特定的历史背景下, 选择谷物法而不是自由贸易下的转移支付来实现粮食安全和社会稳定, 并可以节约分配成本。1815—1846年间, 英国政治、经济环境的变化使谷物法的分配成本—收益发生改变, 边际上的积累最终导致了谷物法的废除。这种渐进的、积累的变革方式, 为英国农业的发展提供了一个稳定的制度环境。对这段历史的回顾, 具有重要的现实意义: 它为探讨在WTO 的背景下中国如何实现粮食安全提供了一个新的思路。

The most important step in the reform of state-owned onterprises in China is to restructure the unitary state-owned and state-managed property right. This proparty right reform is the first and key step in the state-owned enterprises’ institutional change, but it isn’t the last and sole important step. After the first step in the property right reform, what can do in the further reform governments different levels as the main concrete operating body? What is the gain or loss for governments? And which characteristics has their behavior? This paper has made an analysis based on the reform of medium and small-sized state-owned enterprises in Zhucheng city, Shandong provcnce as a case and on some principles of new institutional economics as a means. The reform in this countv-level city was selected as a case because of the following reasons: the first is the large scope and the great effect of the reform; the second is its value to study the large drop of the status and the role of governments in the reform; and the third is the enterprises’ institutional change in Zhucheng continued after the state property right has been fundamentally restructured, so it is worthy to be further followed and studied.

传统的消费理论并没有将代际模型和财富存量模型相结合,而本文从社会习俗、道德习惯、家庭伦理等非正规制度的角度说明了中国等国家和地区居民消费和储蓄的特点,沿用和扩展了代际交叠模型,将遗赠(bequest) 和赠予(gift) 两方向收入转移以及财富偏好同时引入了经济主体的效用函数,用最优化条件来分析我国居民在消费和储蓄行为等方面的特征和存在的问题,进而阐述这些行为对政府宏观经济政策的影响,提出了一些相关的理论思考和政策建议。