Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co- GA) (PLGA) with low molecular weights were synthesized by a one-step polycondensation of lactic acid (LA) with glycolic acid (GA) molecules using stannous octoate as a catalyst at 160℃. A high yield (80%) of all the polymers was obtained in the study. The PLA and PLGA copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, GPC, and DSC measurements, etc. We elaborated HSA-loaded microspheres based on PLA and PLGA copolymers with different monomer ratios (LA/GA -85:15, 75:25, 65:35, and 50:50) by the solvent-extraction method based on the formation of double w/o/w emulsion. Microspheres were characterized in terms of the morphology, size, and encapsulation efficiency (E.E.). The highest E.E. (69.3%) of HSA was obtained for HSAloaded PLGA (65/35) microspheres among all the formulations. In vitro matrix degradation and protein release of these microspheres were performed in phosphate-buffer saline (PBS; 154mM, pH 7.4). The degradation profiles were characterized by measuring the loss of the microsphere mass and the decrease of the polymer intrinsic viscosity. The release profiles were investigated from the measurement of the protein presented in the release medium at various intervals. It was shown that the matrix degradation and protein-release profiles were highly LA/GA ratio-dependent. It is suggested that these matrix polymers may be optimized as carriers in protein- and peptide-delivery systems for different purposes.

This project was aimed at illustrating the potential use of poly-DL-lactidepoly(ethylene glycol) (PELA) microspheres as a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) delivery system following subcutaneous (s.c.) or oral immunization over the current injection of an alum-absorbed antigen. The antigen-loading microspheres were elaborated by the solvent-extraction method based on the formation of modified multiple w/o/w emulsion. The microspheres were characterized by their particle size, HBsAg entrapment, and in vitro HBsAg release behavior. Balb/c mice were immunized with an s.c. injection and oral administration of a single dose and two doses of a microsphere formulation. For comparison, the alum-absorbed HBsAg-immunized mice had a following intramuscular (i.m.) injection at weeks 0 and 4. At weeks 8, 10, 14, and 24 postadministration, the blood and saliva samples were collected and detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbed assay (ELISA) method. A single injection of HBsAg/ PELA microspheres could induce a serum lgG antibody level comparable to the twoinjection alum-absorbed HBsAg at the 14th week and higher than that at the 24th week. The saliva lgA of peroral groups was significantly higher than that of the s.c. injection of a microsphere formulation and i.m. injection of soluble antigen. Thesepreliminary results demonstrated the potential of oral administration of antigenloading microspheres in the induction of a secretory immune response, and it is suggested that a single-dose s.c. injection of antigen-loading microspheres would be an efficient immunization schedule to elicit a protective response.

aimed at increasing the immunogenicity of recombinant antigens remain a focus in vaccine development. Worldwide, there is currently considerable care for the development of biodegradable microspheres as controlled release of vaccines, since the major disadvantage of several currently available vaccines is the need for repeated administration. Microspheres prepared from the biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, the polylactide (PLA) or polylactide-coglycolide (PLGA), have been shown to be effective adjuvants for a number of antigens. This review mainly focuses on polylactide-co-poly(ethylene glycol) (PELA) microspheres adjuvant as vaccine delivery systems by summarizing our and other research groups' investigation on properties of the microspheres formulation encapsulating several kinds of antigens. The results indicate that compared with the commonly used PLA and PLGA, PELA showed several potentials in vaccine delivery systems, which may be due to the block copolymer have its capability to provide a biomaterial having a broad range of amphiphilic structure. PELA microspheres can control the rate of release of entrapped antigens and therefore, offer potential for the development of single-dose vaccines. The PELA microspheres have shown great potential as a next generation adjuvant to replace or complement existing aluminum salts for vaccine potential. The review mainly aims to promote the investigation of PELA microspheres adjuvant for antigens for worldwide researcher.

Among the different approaches to achieve protein delivery, the use of polymers, specifically biodegraded, holds great promise. In this work, a new microsphere delivery system composed of alginate microcores surrounded by a biodegradable poly-DL-lactide-poly (ethylene glycol (PELA) was designed to improve the loading efficiency and stability of proteins. Alginate was solidified by calcium (MS-1), polylysine (MS-2) and chitosan (MS-3), respectively, to form different microcores. Human Serum Albumin (HSA), used as a model protein, was efficiently entrapped within the alginate microcores using a high-speed stirrer and then microencapsulated into PELA copolymer using a w/o/w solvent extraction method. DSC analysis of the microspheres revealed the efficient encapsulation of the alginate microcores, while the microcores were dispersed in the PELA matrix. SDS-PAGE results showed that HSA kept its structural integrity during encapsulation and release procedure. Microspheres were characterized in terms of morphology, size, loading efficiency, in vitro degradation and protein release. The degradation profiles were characterized by measuring the loss of microsphere mass, the decrease of polymer intrinsic viscosity and the reduction of PEG content of PELA coat. The release profiles were investigated from the measurement of protein presented in the release medium at various intervals. The results were that the degradation rate of these core-coated microspheres was MS-2.MS-1.MS-3. The extent of burst release from the core-coated microspheres in the initial protein release was lower than the 27% burst release from the conventional microspheres. In conclusion, the work presents a new approach for macromolecular drugs (such as protein, peptide drugs) delivery. The core-coated microspheres system may have potential use as a carrier for drugs that are poorly absorbed after oral administration.