Sm: Fe: LiNbO3 crystal was grown by doping Sm2O3 in Fe: LiNbO3 crystal. The exponential gain coefficient, diffraction efficiency and photorefractive response time were measured by two-wave mixing experiment, respectively. it was found that the response speed was greatly improved by doping Sm ions in Fe: LiNbO3 crystal. Our analysis also showed that photoconductivity enhancement was responsible for improving the response speed in the Sm: Fe: LiNbO3 crystal.

A series of near-stoichiometric Zn: LiNbO3 (Zn: NSLN) crystals were grown by the top seed solution growth (TSSG) method using K2Oas flux. Defect structures and Zn2+ occupation mechanism were analyzed and discussed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), ultraviolet-visible (UV) absorption and infrared (IR) spectrum measurement. Moreover, we also found that the threshold concentration of ZnO in NSLN were between 2 and 3 mol%.

Mg, Fe double-doped LiTaO3 and LiNbO3 crystals have been grown by Czochralski method. The optical properties were measured by two-beam coupling experiments and transmitted facula distortion method. The results showed that the photorefractive response speed of Mg: Fe: LiTaO3 was about three times faster than that of Fe: LiTaO3, whereas the photo-damage resistance was two orders of magnitude higher than that of Fe: LiTaO3. in this paper, site occupation mechanism of impurities was also discussed to explain the high photo-damage resistance and fast response speed in Mg: Fe: LiTaO3 crystal.

Zn, Fe double-doped LiTaO3 crystals have been grown by the Czochralski method. The photorefractive properties and optical damage resistance were measured by the two-beam coupling experiments and transmitted facula distortion method, respectively. The results showed that the photorefractive response speed of Zn: Fe: LiTaO3 was about four times faster than that of Fe: LiTaO3, whereas the optical damage resistance was two orders of magnitude higher than that of Fe: LiTaO3. in this paper, site occupation mechanism of impurities was also discussed to explain the high optical damage resistance and fast response speed of Zn: Fe: LiTaO3 crystal.

A series of Sc: Ce: Cu: LiNbO3 crystals were prepared using the Czochralski method and the occupation mechanism of the dopants is discussed in terms of the results of infrared and UV–visible spectra. The optical damage resistance ability and quasi-nonvolatile holographic properties of the samples were also obtained. The defect structure is discussed, accounting for the optical damage resistance and two-photon holographic response speed.