Cooperation is an approach of improving competitive advantages of a supply chain. A two-echelon supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer for a single-period product is studied, and retail-market demand uncertainty is described by coefficient of variation. We develop a cooperation mechanism to address the cooperation and its implementation between the manufacturer and the retailer, two market situations are considered: (i) the wholesale price and the order quantity are decision variables, (ii) the wholesale and the retail prices as well as the order quantity are decision variables. In both market situations, our research shows that: (1) the cooperation mechanism can improve the overall channel profits and the supply chain members' allocated profits, (2) the described cooperation is conditional on retail-market demand uncertainty: it can be implemented if, and only if, the fluctuation of retail-market demand is relatively small and coefficient of variation of retail-market demand does not exceed an upper bound. Impacts of retailmarket demand uncertainty on wholesale price, order quantity and/or retail price have also been investigated through analytical and numerical analyses. Although our research is based on the assumption that the manufacturer dominates the supply chain in the non-cooperative situation, which is not the case for most retailer-driven supply chains, this research is still significant on providing guidelines for practitioners in current China mid-level car market that is similar to situations described in the paper.

Quadratic knapsack problem (QKP) has a central role in integer and combinatorial optimization, while efficient algorithms to general QKPs are currently very limited. We present an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) approach for solving convex QKPs where variables may take any integer value and all coefficients are real numbers. We approximate the function value using (a) continuous quadratic programming relaxation (CQPR), and (b) the integral parts of the solutions to CQPR.We propose a new heuristic which adaptively fixes the variables according to the solution of CQPR.We report computational results for QKPs with up to 200 integer variables. Our numerical results illustrate that the new heuristic produces high-quality solutions to large-scale QKPs fast and robustly.

以印刷电路板的制造过程为背景，总结了柔性制造/装配系统各种柔性的定义。基于柔性制造系统的柔性既取决于设备本身的性能，也取决于对驱动柔性制造/装配系统自动化运行的指令的认识，提出了柔性与大M制造各个过程的决策问题的关系框架。还提出一种新的部分柔性制造系统生产能力规划与生产线设计的模型，并分析探讨了决策问题的求解方法。

合作是提高供应链竞争力的途径，也是增强供应链企业抵御经营风险的重要手段。研究了由一个生产商和一个零售商组成的两层供应链，用变异系数（需求的均方差与其均值之比）描述单周期产品市场需求的不确定性。研究发现在一定的市场需求不确定性条件下，生产商与零售商才存在合作博弃均衡;通过市场需求不确定性的变化对合作均衡与合作效果影响的数值分析，及其与非合作情形的对比，结果说明在给定的零售价格水平下，合作具有改善供应链企业应对市场需求不确定性变化和规避经营风险的能力。