A diploid-dependent regulatory mechanism of gene expression for spatial patterning of the eye in vertebrates has been determined by analyzing the phenotypes of haploid goldfish embryos. There are two gene loci in charge of eye spatial patterning during embryonic morphogenesis. The expressional probability for each copy of the two genes in a set of chromosomes is 50%. A pair of genes in two sets of homologous or heterologous chromosomes is 100% and essential for normal gene expression. The haploid condition itself would result in the obstruction of gene expression and abnormal development because the diploid-dependent regulatory apparatus will regulate gene expression in a haploid embryo according to the same rule as in the diploid embryo.Heredity (2003) 90, 405–409. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800263

Recently, it was found that in the gynogenetic haploid and diploid embryos of goldfish,which have exactly the same genome, the haploid condition results in obstruction of gene expression and abnormal development while the diploid embryos have normal gene expression and development. A diploid-dependent regulatory apparatus was proposed to regulate gene expression. To study the difference at the protein expression level of the embryos of haploid and diploid in development, we extracted the total proteins of both the gynogenetic haploid and diploid embryos of goldfish in the same eye formation stage. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to separate proteins. The stained gel images were analyzed with the PDQUEST software.A part of protein spots that were differentially expressed in haploid and diploid embryos were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flightmass spectrometry and database analysis. Sixteen protein spots that were absolutely different (only expressed in diploid embryos but not in haploid embryos or vice versa) and 16 protein spots that were up- and downregulated were identified unambiguously,which include some proteins that are correlative with eyes development, nerve development,developing regulation, cell differentiation, and signal transduction. The different significantly gene expression during embryos developing between diploid and haploid is demonstrated.

超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）是一种对生物细胞保护至关重要、在进化上比较保守的酶。因此，超氧化物歧化酶作为分子钟或分子标记已被广泛应用于生物进化研究、群体遗传结构分析以及品系鉴定。但鱼类SOD的生物化学和遗传学特性都尚未进行过系统和深入的研究。为使这一重要的分子标记能更好地应用于鱼类遗传育种、种质资源保护以及进化研究，本实验采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶垂直电泳法，研究了草鱼线粒体型超氧化物歧化酶（fm2SOD）的同功酶形式，生化遗传表型、亚基组成以及金属类型。实验结果表明，草鱼fm2SOD有三种不同的同功酶形式；按从正极到负极的排列分别命名为fm2SOD1，fm2SOD2，fm2SOD3。这三种不同的fm-SOD在草鱼群体中可构成3种不同的生化遗传学表型：表型1个体只含有迁移率最快的fm2SOD1同功酶；表型3个体只含有迁移率最慢的fm2SOD3同功酶；而表型2个体中含有所有三种不同形式的同功酶。在野生草鱼群体中，存在所有三种表现型;而在基因纯合型的雌核发育草鱼群体中只检测到表型1和表型3。野生草鱼群体中三种表现型的个体数之比符合一对等位基因分离的1:2:1孟德尔遗传分离比例。由这些实验结果得出以下结论：（1）草鱼fm2SOD是由细胞核DNA上的基因所编码而不是由线粒体DNA上的基因所编码的；（2）草鱼fm-SOD由单个基因座位控制；（3）至少存在两个有较明显差异等位基因；（4）草鱼fm2SOD由两个亚基组成。此外，草鱼fm2SOD对15%乙醇/25%氯仿混合物敏感而对过氧化氢具有一定的抗性，表明它为锰型的SOD（Mn2SOD）[动物学报50（3）：389-394，2004]。

用组织切片方法系统地观察了草鱼卵被经辐射处理的鲤精子激活后进行第一次卵裂的发育过程。实验表明:在24℃孵化水温下草鱼卵在被激活后24min进入第一次卵裂前期，27-30min处于中期，33min进入后期。由此可知被激活的草鱼卵子在第24min时已经完成染色体的复制，使草鱼卵子雌核染色体人工加倍的最佳时期是在被激活后的27—30min这一时间区段内。此外，用不同热休克温度和不同的热休克强度处理已完成染色体复制的被激活草鱼卵，表明草鱼卵经41℃处理2min可得到较高比例的基因纯合型雌核发育二倍体鱼。

对彭泽鲫（Carassiusauratusvarietypengze）肾细胞染色体的数目统计分析表明，彭泽鲫染色体组是由150条基本染色体和若干条小的超数染色体组成。染色体组型按着丝粒位置150条基本染色体可分为四组，每组中同源染色体的组数与已知二倍体鲫鱼的同源染色体组数一致。每个染色体小组均由三条同源染色体组成。在亚端部着丝粒染色体组（st）的第三号染色体组的三条同源染色体的短臂上均有非常明显的随体，可作为彭泽鲫是三倍体的细胞遗传学证据。彭泽鲫肾细胞的DNA相对含量是二倍体红鲫肾细胞DNA相对含量的1155倍，与染色体实验结果一致。这些研究结果表明，彭泽鲫是一种三倍体鲫鱼，其染色体数目为3n=150+，核型公式为3n=33m+51sm+33st+33t[动物学报49（1）：104～109，2003]。