Although two species of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in Chinese waters have been recognized, their pattern of genetic variation is unclear at present. In the present study, 424-bp of the mitochondrial control region from 30 bottlenose dolphins collected in Chinese waters were sequenced. Fortyseven variable sites were identified from these sequences, and 9 and 11 haplotypes were defined respectively for truncatus-and aduncus-type, two morphotypes previously recognized for bottlenose dolphins in Chinese waters. These haplotypes were combined with published mitochondrial control region sequences of other bottlenose dolphins from Chinese, Indonesian, Australian, and Atlantic waters etc. Sequence variability comparison and phylogenetic reconstruction using neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) algorithms exclusively supported the separation of haplotypes into two monophyletic clades, each of which corresponds to truncatus-and aduncus-type. This provided strong support to separate the two morphotypes into respective species, T. truncatus and T. aduncus. No shared haplotype was found between Tursiops species, and four fixed diagnostic site differences between them were identified. All samples from the northern part of Chinese waters, i. e. the Yellow Sea and the northern East China Sea, were genetically identified as T. truncatus exclusively, whereas most samples from the southern part of Chinese Waters, i.e. the southern part of the East China Sea, the Taiwan Straits, the South Chinese Sea, and the Gulf of Beibuwan, were identified as T. aduncus, but with both species overlapping in the Taiwan Strait. This genetic pattern was congruent with the distribution pattern of Tursiops as previously revealed by morphological and ecological evidences. Although the distribution of the two species overlapped in the Taiwan Strait (and maybe adjacent waters), there was no evidence of genetic interchange between them, indicating reproductive isolation. The present study strongly argues for treating the two bottlenose dolphin morphotypes/species as separate management units in making up conservation measures, but further study on the intraspecific structure using multiple molecular marker is also urgent for effective conservation.

To help resolve phylogenetic relationships among the mitten crabs, complete sequences of the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and portions of the mitochondrial genome corresponding to the cytochrome oxidase I (COI), were sequenced for all Asian mitten crabs of the genus Eriocheir and seven species of the Grapsoidea. The resulting phylogeny supports the establishment of a separate genus Neoeriocheir, but does not provide justification for the recognition of Platyeriocheir. A female mitten crab specimen from the Zhujiang River, China, was considered to be Eriocheir recta (Stimpson, 1858), a species previously synonymized with Eriocheir japonica (de Haan, 1835). In the ITS analysis, a sequence from Eriocheir formosa (from Taiwan) falls within a wellsupported E. recta group, which indicates that E. formosa may have to be synonymized with E. recta. Three previously recognized members of the genus, E. japonica, Eriocheir sinensis, and Eriocheir hepuensis constitute a monophyletic sister group to E. recta in all phylogenetic trees. We provide evidence for the conspecific status of these taxa. Phylogenetic trees based on COI and combined COI and ITS sequences indicate that E. japonica consists of three subgroups. Since the name E. japonica (de Haan, 1835) takes precedence over E. sinensis (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) and E. hepuensis Dai, 1991, we suggest that these three subgroups correspond to three subspecies of E. japonica: E. j. japonica, E. j. sinensis, and E. j. hepuensis.

Recent molecular studies have concluded that the genus Myospalax evolved from within the rodent subfamily Cricetinae. This conclusion was tested using the complete sequences from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cytochrome b genes. Based on our analyses, Myospalax appears to be sister to a clade containing the subfamilies Spalacinae and Rhizomyinae, and all three of these lineages appear to be basal to the superfamily Muroidea. Based on the position of these three lineages, we suggest that they be placed in a distinct family, the Spalacidae, rather than subsumed as subfamilies in the family Muridae. Finally, our analyses suggest that the earlier placement of Myospalax as a member of the Cricetinae is the result of a single misidentified specimen, which was not a Myospalax.

综述了近年来分子生物学标记技术在鲸类系统学研究中的进展。分子生物学证据支持鲸目与有蹄类之间有较近的亲缘关系，并支持鲸类的单系起源，但鲸类不同类群（须鲸类、抹香鲸类及不包括抹香鲸类的齿鲸类）之间的系统发生关系仍存在争议。抹香鲸类到底与须鲸类还是与其它齿鲸类有更近的亲缘关系，不同的分子生物学家所得到的结果并不一致。此外，分子生物学技术还被用于解决须鲸亚目和齿鲸亚目内科间以及科内种间的系统发生关系，特别是齿鲸亚目的海豚科、鼠豚科和淡水豚类。通过分子标记技术来研究鲸类种下的遗传结构是鲸类分子系统学研究中的一个新热点，使用的标记主要是mtDNA控制区、核DNA微卫星和主要组织相容性复合体（major histo. compatibility complex, MHC）等。

通过猪等的C-mos基因保守区序列设计了用于扩增鲸类c-mos基因的引物。应用此引物扩增并测定了齿鲸类5个科12个种546 bp的c-mos基因编码区序列。结果表明鲸类的c-mos基因遗传变异水平较低。在系统发生重建中，同科的物种聚为单系，但不能很好地解决科下亚科间的关系，提示c-mos,基因仅适于鲸类科级以上阶元的系统发生研究。