中国的医疗卫生体制改革仅实现了筹资的市场化而医疗服务价格的市场化则严重滞后。基于一个简单的医生职业选择模型，本文发现，这种片面的市场化是造成医改过程中“看病难”与“看病贵”两大矛盾同时凸显的关键。政府不应当以片面市场化条件下的弊病来否定医改的市场化导向，下一步的医改恰恰应当进一步实现医疗服务价格形成机制的市场化。只有这样，才能在彻底消除“以药养医”现象的同时缓解“看病难”与“看病贵”两大矛盾。本文为讨论政府补贴行为、药品流通体制和医疗服务定价等医改中的重大问题提供了一个简洁有力的分析框架。

Using survey data of enterprises and entrepreneurs from Liuzhou, Guangxi, China, the determinants of political participation of private enterprises are studied. We find (1) entrepreneurs who are older or from larger older enterprises have a higher probability of becoming members of the People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, while gender, education and household registration status do not significantly affect their political participation. (2) Entrepreneurs with membership in the Communist Party of China or other parties have a higher probability of entering politics. Compared with Communist Party members, those of other parties have a much higher probability of political participation. (3) Parental leadership identity increases entrepreneur probability of entering politics. Its effect is between that of Communist Party membership and other party membership. This paper provides evidence that Chinese entrepreneurs in private enterprises are translating their economic power, political identity, and household ackground into formal political power.

尽管中国农村向城市的劳动力流动的规模持续增长，但中国的城市化水平依然滞后于工业化的发展，并且农村向城市的劳动力流动也没有带来城乡工资差距的均等化，相反中国的城乡差距、城市内部本地职工与外来职工的工资差距都是持续扩大的。对于这些与传统理论相悖的“谜”，本文借助于城乡分割的经济政策的内生决定机制来解释。本文认为，从绝对禁止到逐渐松动，城乡分割的经济政策的演变是倾向城市居民利益的决策结果。改变这种从城市利益出发、由城市单方面制定人口流动政策的局面，从城乡分割到城乡融合的转变才能够实现。而这种转变既有利于促进整体经济的增长，又有利于实现城乡平等与社会和谐。

This paper explores the causes of industrial agglomeration in China using the provincial panel data during 1987-2001, focusing on the effects of economic opening. The determinants of industrial agglomeration are tested by controlling three types of factors, those of economic policies, economic geography and new economic geography, respectively. In summary, we find: (1) Economic opening, which is also related with geography and history encourages industrial agglomeration; (2) Large market size, effects of forward and backward linkage, high level of urbanization, better infrastructure and less involvement of local government tend to facilitate industrial concentration; (3) Costal regions have geographical advantage in attracting firms. These findings not only support the new economic geography theory from evidence within China, but also emphasize the important role that policies like economic opening might directly play in industrial agglomeration. The most important policy implication of this paper is that by quickening up the step of integrating into world economy and deregulating, even those less developed regions might accelerate industrial agglomeration and thus decrease regional disparity.

本文中的策略性劳动分工模型解释了为什么人们有时不选择分工，并造成社会产出损失。由于在高技能部门里存在“干中学”效应，低技能者如果背离比较优势而从事高技能部门的生产，就可以在未来分享劳动分工收益的过程中获得更高的谈判地位，甚至可能逆转自己的比较优势。然而，这种个人理性的选择却可能导致社会的产出损失。这个模型的一个意外而合理的含义是，在策略性的劳动分工决策中，如果未来一期由交易关系瓦解而造成的损失足够小，那么，交易成本的减少也可能导致当期分工的恶化。但我们的模型也包含了交易成本下降可能促进分工这一既有理论中的特殊情况。这个模型有助于理解在国际贸易、国内区域间分工和家庭内分工中广泛被观察到的低效率现象及相应的政策。