应用光镜和电镜技术，测算了双峰驼肾近曲小管和远曲小管微细结构的体视学参数，并与黄牛进行了比较。结果显示。双峰驼肾近曲小管刷状缘体积、微绑绒毛表面积、吞饮小泡和溶酶体体积均显著大于黄牛；远曲小管上皮细胞的线柱体体密度、侧基底面质膜面密度和周界长度也明显大于黄牛。这些结构的差畀表明，救峰鸵肾脏重吸收水分的能力更强大。

Ultrastrncture of spermatozoon in soft-shelled turtle Trionyx sinensis was examined by transmission electron microscope. The mature spermatozoon is vermiform in shape, which consists of a head, connecting piece, middle piece, principal piece and end piece, similar in morphology to that of the turtles, Chrysemys picta and Chimemys reevesii. How-ever, several structures are uniqne. In the head, acrosomal complex covers the antelior protrusion of the nnchius, where there is a narrow lucent space between the subacrosonlal cone and the outer acrosomal cap. 3-5 intrannclear tubules go through the antelior tow-thirds of the nnchius and their central cores extend towards the perforatorial rods. The conect-ing piece is located in the concave implantation fossa in the caudal end of the nnchius. The mitochonchial sheath in the middle piece is composed of concentric mitochonchia arranged in 7-8 drdes each of which contains 5 mitochonchia. Con-centric layers in the mitochonchion are double-membranes and they are cristae mitochonchiales actually. The concentric cristae mitochondriales and lots of glycogens show the relationship to the vitality maintaining during long-time storage of the spermatozoon in the tinfie. The sturctural modal of proximal centriole is 9×3+0, in which the typical nine tliplet microtubules arrange in a pinwheel fashion and are surrounded by a dense material. By comparison, the structural modal of distal centliole is 9×3+2, and the central microtnbldes and outer triplet microtnbules are embed in dense fibers respec-tively. The distal centliohi stands vertically to the proximal one. There is a wedge-shaped anmdus around the end of the mitochonhriall sheath. The axonemal complex of the principal piece is surrounded by several layers of circumferential fibers, which obviously produces a fibrous sheath reducing backward gradually in thickness. In the axonemal complex that posses a structural modol of 9×2+2, there are two thick fibers corresponding to No.3 and No.8 doublet microtubules re-pectively, which merge with the fibrous sheath. On the transection of principal piece, two dynein arms attached to A mi-crotnbble of the doublet which connected with the central microtnbules ttn-ongh an obvious radial spoke. Two central mi-crotnbbles are hnked by a bridging substance. The end piece tufty contains an axonemal complex surroundod by cell mem-brane, the microtubules in which are dispersed gradually. The structural characteristics above were different evidently from other class animals or other ordor animals of the reptile

鸡的体内器官表现出明显的左右不对称性，这些不对称性的确立发生在胚胎发育的早期，并且要求多种机制共同筹划和有序进行。对于从亨氏节（Hensen's node）到机体原基的左右信息传递的基因网络已经有了较清楚的阐述。有助于我们对这种机制的理解。以鸡胚为模式动物进行不对称性发生和发育的研究具有多种优点，文章以鸡胚为发育模式，对器官不对称性发育的分子机理，研究方法和未来的研究趋势进行了较为详细的介绍和论述，以期丰富我们对器官不对称发育的理解。

应用体视学方法，观测了双峰驼肾小体的光镜结构与电镜结构，求出相应参数，并与黄牛进行比较。结果表明，双峰驼肾小体的体积与黄牛差异不显著，但肾血管球毛细血管线密度、体密度、平均长度和平均体积明显小于黄牛，而且双峰驼肾血管球毛细血管基膜也明显比黄牛的厚。表明双峰驼肾血管球毛细血管较稀疏，总长度较短，过滤膜的基膜层较厚。这些结构特征与双峰驼血管球低滤过率的机能特性相适应。

电镜下观察了18峰双峰驼（Camelus bactrianus）肾脏细胞的超微结构，探究驼肾重吸收机能的形态学证据。结果显示，驼肾近曲小管的刷状缘高而密集，上皮细胞胞质顶端具有丰富的管泡结构，侧基底指状突起和基底质膜内褶多而明显，板状嵴线粒体发达。远曲小管和远直小管游离面微绒毛短而稀少，胞质线粒体排列密集，质膜内褶更为发达。集合小管上皮包括多量的亮细胞和少量的暗细胞两种类型，亮细胞结构简单，线粒体稀少，暗细胞线粒体密集，由皮质至髓质，暗细胞数量呈递减趋势，但内髓仍见暗细胞分布。皮质间质极少，毛细血管丰富，管壁内皮菲薄有孔。髓质直小血管亦为有孔内皮。上述结构特征表明，双峰驼具有很强的重吸收能力，与其节水耐干渴特性相适应。