A series of n-type Zn1-xCuxO (x = 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, and 0.12) films was prepared using direct current reactive magnetron sputtering. Magnetic measurements indicate that all the films are ferromagnetic at room temperature and the moment per Cu ion decreases with increasing copper concentration and nitrogen doping. The observed magnetic moment was 1.8

A quantum-mechanical potential barrier model for estimating the number ratio between different valence cations in multiatom compounds is proposed. It is supposed that there is a potential barrier between a cation-anion pair. The height of the potential barrier is proportional to the ionization energy of the cation, and the width of the potential barrier is related to the distance between neighboring cations and anions. As examples for using this model, the distribution of cations with different valences in some ABO3 lanthanum manganites is explained satisfactorily.

From the measurements of the ac susceptibility of SrRuO3, we determine the critical temperature TC=159.7 ± 0.2 K and critical exponents δ = 2.50 ± 0.15 (from the critical isotherm orδ= 3.17 ± 0.20 (from magnetization versus magnetic field at Curie temperature), γ+β = 1.50±0.05 (from the temperature dependence of the internal field of the crossover line), and γ = 0.96 ± 0.05 (from the temperature dependence of the susceptibility along the same line). These exponent values are very close to those predicted by the mean field model.

A sample of nano-particle Fe3O4 was synthesized using coprecipitation, and characterized by zero field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) magnetic moments and the major hysteresis loops. The data are analysed within the framework of a generalized Preisach model, which provides an excellent description of the experimental data. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Using the model, we obtain that the blocking temperature of Fe3O4 nano-particles with diameter of 8.4nm is 105K, and the interaction field distribution between the particles is 550Oe.

The samples Sr1–xCaxRuO3 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.6) have been synthesized by a solid state reaction, and characterized by the zero field cooled (ZFC), field cooled (FC) magnetic moments and the major hysteresis loops. The data have been analyzed within the framework of a generalized Preisach model, which includes thermal fluctuations, critical phenomenon, and temperature dependent distribution of free energy barriers. The model provides an excellent description of the experimental data, and the simulating results are in good agreement with the experiment results. All the ZFC/FC curves at different applied fields and all the major hysteresis loops at different temperatures can be replicated by the model with one set of parameters.