The marine yeast strain G7a isolated from sediment of China South Sea was found to secrete a large amount of inulinase into the medium. This marine yeast strain was identified to be a strain of Cryptococcus aureus according to the results of routine yeast identification and molecular methods. The crude inulinase produced by this marine yeast showed the highest activity at pH 5.0 and 50 8C. The optimal medium for inulinase production was artificial seawater containing inulin 4.0% (w/v), K2HPO4 0.3% (w/v), yeast extract 0.5% (w/v), KCl 0.5% (w/v), CaCl2 0.12% (w/v), NaCl 4.0% (w/v) and MgCl2

基于酵母表面展示技术的基因工程活载体疫苗，在鱼类疫苗的研究中至今未见报道。海水鱼类病原菌哈维氏弧菌的溶血素是其主要的毒力因子之一，为制备以酒精酵母为载体的基因工程疫苗，参照其Genebank中基因序列设计一对引物，PCR扩增得到预期长度的产物，双酶切插入用于酒精酵母表面展示的穿梭质粒载体pYD1，转化大肠杆菌TOP10，提取阳性质粒转化酒精酵母菌株EBY100，诱导表达后，用免疫荧光和流式细胞仪检测外源蛋白的表达，结果测得最佳诱导时间为36-48小时，诱导培养后约30.0%左右的酵母细胞表达外源蛋白；同时以EBY100和转空质粒的酵母菌株为对照，测得诱导培养后的阳性酵母转化株的细胞对牙鲆鱼血细胞具有溶血活性，以此酵母活细胞分设高中低三个深度组，腹腔注射养殖牙鲆幼鱼，检测其毒性，结果表明此重组酵母对牙鲆是安全的。为下一步鱼用活载体疫苗免疫效果的研究奠定了基础。

A yeast strain, Aureobasidium pullulans, which could produce the high yield of protease was isolated from sediment of saltern in Qingdao, China. Maximum production of enzyme (623.1 U/mg protein; 7.2U/ml) was obtained in a medium containing 2.5 g soluble starch and 2.0 g NaNO3, 100ml seawater, initial pH 6.0, after fermentation at 24.5℃ for 30 h. The protease had the highest activity at pH 9.0 and 45℃.

Glucose repression occurs in many yeast species and some filamentous fungi, and it represses the expression and secretion of many intracellular and extracellular proteins. In recent years, it has been found that many biochemical reactions in yeast cells are mediated by phosphatidylinositol (PI)-type signaling pathway. However, little is known about the relationships between PI-type signaling and glucose repression, gene expression and invertase secretion in yeasts. Many evidences in our previous studies showed that glucose repression, invertase secretion, gene expression and cell growth were mediated by inositol and PI in Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces. The elucidation of the new regulatory mechanisms of protein secretion, gene expression and glucose repression would be an entirely new aspect of inositol and PI-type signaling regulation in yeasts.

The extracellular zinc-metalloprotease of Vibrio anguillarum is a secreted virulence factor. It is synthesized from the empA gene as a 611-residue preproprotease and processed to the active mature protease (EmpA) with concomitant secretion via the type II secretion pathway. Active EmpA has been found only in the V. anguillarum culture supernatant and the process of the activation seems to vary depending on strains analyzed. To better understand the mechanism of EmpA export and processing, the empA gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli strains. Expression of empA did not have toxic effect on bacterial growth. Rupturing E. coli TOP10 cells by heating in gel-loading buffer resulted in activation of EmpA and severe proteolysis of the samples. In contrast, the same treatment of the E. Coli MC4100A strain did not lead to the general proteolysis. In this strain, EmpA was exported into the periplasm via the Sec pathway. The periplasmic EmpA was detected in two active conformations. Therefore, in E. coli processing of EmpA precursor to an active enzyme did not require secretion to the media and the help of other V. anguillarum protein. Like in V. anguillarum, heterologous expression of empA in E. coli showed strain-specific activation process.