A simple and compact flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) was constructed to carry outsimultaneous multielement determination of calcium and magnesium in water. In this instrumental system, ahandheld and computer-controlled charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer was used as the detector, anda calcium and magnesium multielement hollow cathode lamp was used as the light source. The instrumentallimits of detection (LOD) were 0.5mgl-1 and 0.03mgl-1 for calcium and magnesium, respectively. Calciumand magnesium in a water sample were simultaneously determined, with the analytical results in goodagreement with those by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Therecoveries for calcium and magnesium standards added to the water sample were in the range of 103-114%.

In the traditional chemical vapor generation system of KBH4 (or NaBH4)–Cd21–HCl in aqueous solution,volatile components containing cadmium species can be generated but with low efficiency. In this work, it wasfound for the first time that the efficiency for the generation of the cadmium-containing vapor was greatlyimproved when halogenate, i.e., NaBrO3 or NaIO3, was added. The chemically generated vapor was separatedfrom the reaction medium, and introduced into an atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS) with argon as thecarrier gas, for the atomization and detection of cadmium. The experimental conditions for the efficientgeneration of the cadmium-containing vapor were optimized and the limit of detection (LOD, 3s) was thenfound to be 10 pg mL21. This modified chemical vapor generation system is potentially cleaner, and could havewide applications for sample introduction and/or matrix separation in analytical atomic spectrometries, such asflame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS),inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), ICP-MS (mass spectrometry), microwaveinduced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MIP-AES) and MIP-MS for the determination of ultratracecadmium or some other elements.

Hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry was for the first time utilized to determine trace toxic element arsenic in the skeleton fossils of four dinosaurs unearthed in Sichuan Province of China. The instrumental limit of detection (LOD) for arsenic was 0.03 mgyL under optimal experimental conditions, which compared favorably to that by ICP-AES and ETAAS. The samples were digested with aqua regia in boiling water bath. The recoveries of standard addition were found to be from 97 to 109%, and the analytical results were found in good agreement with those by ICP-AES. It is a simple, reliable, sensitive yet relatively inexpensive analytical method, compared to ICP-AES, ICP-MS or ETAAS. Interesting analytical results were found that the arsenic concentrations were all abnormally high in the skeleton fossils. The established analytical method and the analytical results may be helpful in revealing the mystery of the mass extinction of the dinosaur fauna. The analytical results, together with other data available to date, supported the argument that the arsenic toxicosis could be a contributing factor for the mass extinction of the dinosaur fauna in Sichuan Province of China.

A new photochemical reaction for mercury chemical/cold vapor generation (CVG) coupled to atomicfluorescence spectrometry (AFS) is described for the speciation analysis of inorganic mercury ion (Hg21) andorganic methylmercury (MeHg) in aqueous solution. The new CVG simply uses one reagent, formic acidonly, to react with Hg21 or MeHg in aqueous solution, under room natural light (Vis) or ultravioletirradiation (UV), for the generation of cold mercury vapor, which is subsequently detected by AFS. In thepresence of the UV, both Hg21 and MeHg can be converted to Hg0 for the determination of total mercury;and only Hg21 can be reduced to Hg0 with the Vis, thus determining Hg21 only. Then, the concentration ofMeHg can be calculated by subtracting the Hg21 concentration from the total mercury concentration. Theoptimal conditions for the best CVG efficiency are discussed, together with the interference from transitionmetals. There exists no significant interference from as high as 100 mg L_1 Co21 or Ni21, and 50mg L_1Cu21 for the determination of as low as 5mg L_1 Hg21. The new CVG minimizes the contamination sourcesand avoids off-line pre-oxidation of MeHg. A simple Hg21 standard series can be used for the calibration ofboth Hg21 and MeHg, eliminating the use of more toxic and more expensive MeHg standard series. Thelinear dynamic ranges of the calibration curves are up to 25mg L_1 with the UV and 300mg L_1 with theVis. The limit of detection is 0.003 or 0.2mg L_1 for total mercury with the UV or Hg21 with the Vis,respectively. The accuracy of this method was validated by determination of mercury in one certifiedreference water sample. The new CVG is a simple, fast, green, highly selective, and ultrasensitive yetinexpensive method for the speciation analysis of Hg21 and MeHg. It is expected to have similarapplications in other analytical atomic spectrometric techniques.

The techniques of field analytical chemistry _FAC. have the potential to reduce both analysis time and cost byproviding analytical data on site while eliminating the need for sample collection and transport. These methods couldbe of considerable interest in the fields of environmental monitoring and industrial process control. Much of FAC isaccomplished through the use of portable analytical instruments. The emphasis of this review was on field-portableatomic spectrometry, with particular focus upon two techniques: laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy _LIBS. andtungsten coil atomic absorption spectrometry _W Coil AAS.. LIBS and W Coil AAS have been described in detail,with special attention to instrumentation, analytical performance, applications and examples of portable devices. Thetwo techniques were compared and found to be complimentary. Competing technology, not necessarily based uponatomic spectrometry, was also briefly discussed in order to provide a glimpse of the overall picture of FAC techniquesused for the determination of metals. These rival techniques include X-ray fluorescence spectrometry _XRF.,immunoassay, capillary electrophoresis _CE., and electrochemical sensors.