植物非光合色素主要由类黄酮和类胡萝卜素组成，但彩色棉纤维中色素种类及其结构尚不清楚。经测定，棕色棉（X008）、绿色棉（S029）和白色棉（徐州142）成熟纤维中总黄酮含量分别为4.424mg/g、3.846mg/g和0.375mg/g，没有检测到类胡萝卜素。通过盐酸-镁粉反应、四氢硼钠还原反应、碱反应、醋酸铅反应、氯化铁反应和紫外光谱吸收的分析表明，甲醇室温提取的棕色棉纤维色素可能是黄酮类化合物，B环上带有邻二酚羟基；甲醇室温提取的绿色棉纤维色素除黄酮类化合物外，还含有3-位羟基被糖甙化的黄酮醇类化合物，A、B环上都带有邻二酚羟基。绿色棉纤维色素中还可能含有分子结构类似于芦丁的黄酮醇化合物。

以棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系、恢复系及杂种F1的花瓣、花药、柱头、蜜腺、苞叶和叶片为材料，测定和比较了各材料的总糖、蔗糖和果糖含量，观察和分析了三系杂交棉制种田中蜜蜂造访的数量与制种产量性状的相关性。试验结果表明：不育系的花瓣、苞叶、蜜腺可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量比可育的恢复系、保持系和F1的含量高，并达到显著或极显著水平，而果糖含量差异不明显。其中，不育系花器蔗糖含量是影响蜜蜂造访制种田蜂群量和不育系结铃率的关键因素；选育花器含糖量高的不育系，有利于提高制种田中的蜜蜂数量，增加不育系的结铃率，以及降低其不孕子率，提高制种产量。

A novel method for the genetic transformation of cotton pollen by means of vacuum infiltration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is reported. The acsA and genes, which are involved in cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinum, were transferred into pollen grains of brown cotton with the aim of improving its fiber quality by incorporating useful prokaryotic features into the colored cotton plants. Transformation was carried out in cotton pollen-germinating medium, and transformation was mediated by vector pCAMBIA1301, which contains a reporter gene β-glucuronidase (GUS), a selectable marker gene, hpt, for hygromycin resistance and the genes of interest, acsA and acsB. The integration and expression of acsA, acsB and GUS in the genome of transgenic plants were analyzed with Southern blot hybridization, PCR, histochemical GUS assay and Northern blot hybridization. We found that following pollination on the cotton stigma transformed pollen retained its capability of double-fertilization and that normal cotton seeds were produced in the cotton ovary. Of 1,039 seeds from 312 bolls pollinated with transformed pollen grains, 17 were able to germinate and grow into seedlings for more than 3 weeks in a nutrient medium containing 50mg/l hygromycin; eight of these were transgenic plants integrated with acsA and acsB, yielding a 0.77% transformation rate. Fiber strength and length from the most positive transformants was 15% greater than those of the control (non-transformed), a significant difference, as was cellulose content between the transformed and control plants. Our study suggests that transformation through vacuum infiltration and Agrobacterium mediated transformation can be an efficient way to introduce foreign genes into the cotton pollen grain and that cotton fiber quality can be improved with the incorporation of the prokaryotic genes acsA and acsB.

Lintless mutant is a super-short fiber mutant in upland cotton only 4-8mm in fiber length and also named Ligon cotton controlled by one dominant gene Li1. Fiber ultrastructure of the mutant (Li1) and its wild type (li1) in situ and in vitro was observed under an electron microscope to understand its cytological characteristics during the fiber cell elongation. The results showed that the mutant fiber in situ had thinner cytoplasm, more small vacuoles, less mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticula, and there were more starch granules which were free or packed in the amyloplast beside the cell wall than that of wild type. It was indicated that scarcity of functional organelles and disability of transformation from starch to sugar might be associated with the fact that the mutant fiber cell was aborted too early to elongate into normal length. Mutant ovule in some media containing GA3 could produce a kind of huge callus that grew faster than normal ovules. The callus was covered with many white, loose, and semitransparent fiber-like cells that apt to get off from ovule. These fiber-like cells were multicellular fibers generated by cell division and had black dots just like pigment glands in the stem and leaf of cotton. There were lots of micro-tubes beside cytoplasm membrane of the multicellular fiber, which were thought to be primary preparation for second wall deposition of multicellular fiber. It was indicated that GA3 might induce the expression of gene(s) that kept inactive in the field condition and then stimulate the original fiber cell in vitro to undergo division again.

以白色棉、棕色棉和绿色棉的成熟纤维为材料，用有机溶剂（乙醇、乙醚、二甲苯），酸性、碱性溶液，以及HNO3/乙醇溶液，分别对不同颜色纤维中的色素进行提取. 结果表明，采用HNO3/乙醇溶液消煮法可以将彩色纤维中的色素物质提取出来。HNO3/乙醇的色素提取液在光谱波长为412nm处有一个最大吸收峰；颜色深浅不同的棕色或绿色棉纤维提取液在这一波长处的吸收值差异显著，随着纤维颜色的加深提取液吸收值增大（0.0634～0.9900）；白色纤维的提取液在412nm处的吸收值很小（0.0072），可忽略不计。因此，用HNO3/乙醇法提取棉纤维色素和用分光光度计比色法可以定量比较彩色棉纤维的色泽深浅。在用酸性和碱性处理棕色和绿色棉纤维时，发现纤维颜色的深浅程度随处理溶液酸碱度的变化而变化，而且这种变化是可逆的。纤维中色素含量与纤维素含量存在负相关。