土壤介电常数是影响土壤含水率快速、准确和可靠测量的关键参数。通过检测土壤介电常数换算出土壤含水率的测量方法已成功地应用在基于TDR原理的现代先进测量仪器中。文中依据传输线理论探讨了基于驻波比原理的土壤介电常数测量方法，解决多针探头特征阻抗的计算，实验结果证实了理论分析的正确。

土壤含水量的快速、准确测量问题由于其特有的复杂性至今尚未得到圆满的解决。将微波传输线阻抗变换理论应用于土壤水分测量，据此理论提出的测量方案从数学上证明其可行，所设计出的便携式土壤水分测量仪不仅成本低，而且测量精度满足使用要求。

针对一种土壤电导率的测量方法——“电流-电压四端法”，从理论上深入探讨了该方法的测量原理，建立了对应的数学模型。关于Wenner分布、Schlumberger分布和Polar ipole分布3种测量组态计算公式的正确性也通过实验进行了检验。

Based on the theory of the impedance-transform of transmission line, a mathematical model for calculating the impedance of a soil probe with a multi-pin structure was developed. It is found that the impedance of the multi-pin probe may be turned into an inductive-reactance from a capacitive-reactance and vice versa as measurement conditions change. Moreover, the formula for the impedance of a soil probe has a series of periodical discontinuous dots. Three necessary experiments to verify this model were conducted in a laboratory environment. By changing the measurement frequency (50-200 MHz), the length of the pin (5-15cm) and the number of pins (2-5), some electric properties of the multi-pin probe were confirmed. As an application of the model, a prototype was designed and it achieved a measurement accuracy of volumetric soil water content within

A combined horizontal penetrometer was designed for the on-the-go and simultaneous measurement of soil water content and mechanical resistance. The maximum sampling rate for both sensors was 10 Hz and the maximum operating depth was 20 cm. For the water-content sensor, its measurement principle depends on the electric field of the fringe-capacitance. In order to evaluate the applicability of this combined penetrometer, four experiments in the field were carried out. These experiments included: (1) soil water content profiles test; (2) soil compaction measurement test; (3) effect of the operating velocity on the water content and resistant force measurement; (4) effect of operating depth on the force measurement. The experimental results show that the combined horizontal penetrometer is a practical tool since it can provide more useful information of soil physical properties.