目的：观察肝硬化背景下不同组织类型小肝癌（≤3.0cm）的超声造影灌注时间及增强模式，探讨超声造影对小肝癌的诊断价值。方法：146例肝局灶性病变行超声造影，其中经手术或穿刺病理确诊肝硬化合并小肝癌（≤3.0cm）42例48个病灶；记录分析48个病灶造影增强模式，并进行造影前后良恶性诊断5级评分比较。全部病例造影前、后半个月内行增强CT检查进行对比。结果：造影后中高低分化肝癌38个病灶（79.2%）动脉期发生快速强化，实质期快速消退，呈“快进快出”型；6个高分化小肝癌呈“快进慢出”型；4个肝透明细胞癌中3个≤1.5cm灶呈“慢进慢出”型，另1个2.2cm 肿瘤呈“快进快出”型。造影前仅27个病灶（56.0%）超声作出正确诊断或诊断恶性倾向；造影后14个病灶（29.0%）评分提高2～4分，17个病灶仅提高1分。最终有2个病灶仍未能获得定性诊断，有4个病灶仅诊断恶性倾向，余42个病灶被确认恶性，诊断正确率达87.5%（42/48灶）。结论：灰阶超声造影对肝硬化背景下不同组织类型小肝癌增强模式的初步研究，可为小癌灶的早期诊断提供依据；作为CT等影像诊断的互补手段，超声造影可成为诊断肝硬化合并小肝癌灵敏可靠的方法。

目的：通过射频消融前超声造影观察肿瘤大小、数目及分布，探讨其对筛选适应证的应用价值。方法：北京大学临床肿瘤学院超声科就诊的164例确诊肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma，HCC）并符合经皮射频消融（radiofrequency Ablation，RFA）入选标准患者，随机分为两组进行对照研究。81例射频消融前采用SonoVue行超声造影（contrast-enhanced ultrasound，CEUS）检查（CEUS组），83例射频消融前未行超声造影检查（对照组）。男121例、女43例;年龄38～72岁，平均5214岁。造影前两组病例的临床资料差异无统计学意义。肿瘤平均直径超声造影组316cm，对照组315cm。治疗后采用常规超声，增强CT和/或超声造影等影像检查进行规律性随访。结果：超声造影组81例造影后9例（11.1%）因发现肿瘤数目> 5个（5例）、范围测量>8cm（2例）、侵及2支大血管或肠管（2例）被确定为非射频消融适应证，余72例101灶行射频消融治疗。其中超声造影新发现≤117cm 8例12灶中，5例为肝硬化及肝细胞癌治疗后随访病例，3例7个灶为肝细胞癌卫星灶。另有16灶为常规超声不能定性或误诊良性，经超声造影确认并指导射频消融治疗。两组随访6～36个月，超声造影组与对照组消融成功率分别为95.0%和89.6%（P>0.05）。对照组新生率高于超声造影组（22.9% vs 9.7%，P<0.05）。结论：射频消融前超声造影有助于筛选适应证，显著减少新生转移病例。造影所获信息为早期检出微小癌灶提供了手段和依据，从而有效的提高射频消融对肝癌的治疗水平。

目的：总结射频消融（radiofrequency ablation，RFA）对肝恶性肿瘤的治疗效果，探讨并发症类型及处理措施。方法：对343例778个肝恶性肿瘤行582人次超声引导RFA治疗。其中原发性肝癌（HCC）212例，448个癌灶，肿瘤最大径平均4.0cm，根据国际抗癌协会的肿瘤分期，其中63例（29.7%）为Ⅰ～Ⅱ期，149例（70.3%）为Ⅲ～Ⅳ期（含43例手术切除后复发癌）。肝转移癌（MLC）131例，330个癌灶，癌灶直径平均为3.9cm，原发灶69.5%（91例）来自胃肠道。治疗原则为消融范围超过癌周0.5～1.0cm；对较大肝肿瘤，采用较规范的计算方案指导射频治疗。治疗中密切观察图像异常改变，监测生命体征，以便及时发现出血及周围损伤。治疗后24 h内或1个月后增强CT检查肿瘤无活性为治疗成功。随访时间为2～62个月。结果：射频治疗成功率HCC为95.5%（428/448灶），MLC为96.4%（318/330灶）；局部复发率分别为8 5%（38/448灶），11.8%（39/330灶）。共有138例（40.2%）由于肿瘤复发或新生而进行2～11次治疗。随访343例1年、2年和3年的生存率，HCC分别为87.7%，67.4%和56.8%，其中63例早期癌分别为92.9%，82.8%，74.5%；MLC分别为81.6%，50.8%，27.2%。本组并发症的发生率占2.4%（14/582人次），多发生于治疗中或治疗后即刻，主要为机械性损伤、热损伤等，分别为出血5例，肠穿孔1例，邻近脏器结构损伤5例，胆汁瘘2例，皮肤烫伤1例。结论：RFA作为一种肝肿瘤的局部微创治疗方法，对早期肝癌可获得手术治疗效果；对中晚期肝癌、肝癌术后复发、肝转移癌等临床治疗困难的病例，也可提供有效而相对安全的治疗手段。重视并发症的表现并采用相应的对症处理措施，可提高患者生存质量，延长生存期。

目的：探讨射频消融（RFA）治疗前超声造影（CEUS）对制定消融范围及治疗策略的应用价值，并与RFA前未应用CEUS的治疗组比较疗效。方法：161例原发性肝癌符合经皮RFA 入选条件患者进行超声引导RFA 治疗。其中，77例RFA前采用SonoVue 行CEUS 检查（CEUS组），84例RFA前未行CEUS检查（非CEUS组）。两组病例的临床资料无明显差异。肿瘤平均直径CEUS组（3.6±1.2）cm，非CEUS组（3.5±1.1）cm。治疗后采用常规超声、增强CT及（或）超声造影等影像检查进行规律性随访，至少随访6个月CT 判断肿瘤灭活程度。结果：CEUS 组77例105灶行RFA 治疗，造影动脉期显示59灶（56.2%）肿瘤范围较造影前增大其中42灶（71.2%）造影前肿瘤边界不清；49灶（46.7%）肿瘤形态较常规超声更不规则，其中39灶（79.6%）为造影前边界不清。造影组> 3.5cm肿瘤52灶，37灶（71.1%）在动脉期显示主荷瘤血管。10例CEUS新发现≤2.0cm 病灶16个，其中3 例为肝硬化随访病例，均进行RFA 治疗。两组平均治疗次数为1.2次和1.5次RFA后随访6～36个月，CEUS组完全灭活率高于非CEUS 组（95.4%对87.8%，P=0.042）。CEUS 组生存期高于非CEUS组[（34.2±1.2）月对（30.2±1.6）月，P=0.028]。结论：RFA前CEUS可清晰显示肿瘤浸润范围，灵敏发现卫星灶及其他区域微小病灶，确认荷瘤血管，为准确制定消融方案，施行治疗策略，整体覆盖灭活肿瘤提供了可靠的依据，从而有效地提高RFA对肝癌的治疗水平。

AIM: To investigate the treatment efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatic malignant tumor and the relevant complications. METHODS: A total of 338 patients with 763 hepatic tumors underwent ultrasound-guided RFA (565 procedures). There were 204 cases of hepatic cellular carcinoma (HCC) with 430 tumors, the mean largest diameter was 4.0cm. Of them, 48 patients (23.5%) were in stages I-II (UICC Systems) and 156 (76.5%) in stages III-IV There were 134 cases of metastatic liver carcinoma (MLC), with 333 metastases in the liver, the mean diameter was 4.1cm, the liver metastases of 96 patients (71.6%) came from gastrointestinal tract. Ninety-three percent of the 338 patients were treated using the relatively standard protocol. Crucial attention must be paid to monitor the abnormal changes in ultrasound images as well as the vital signs of the patients to find the possible hemorrhage and peripheral structures injury in time. The tumors were considered as ablated completely, if no viability was found on enhanced CT within 24 h or at 1 mo after RFA. These patients were followed up for 3-57 mo. RESULTS: The ablation success rate was 93.3% (401/430 tumors) for HCC and was 96.7% (322/333 tumors) for MLC. The local recurrence rate for HCC and MLC was 7.9% (34/430 tumors) and 10.5% (35/333 tumors), respectively. A total of 137 patients (40.5%) underwent 2-11 times of repeated ablations because of tumor recurrence or metastasis. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year survival rate was 84.6%, 66.6%, and 63.1%, respectively; the survival rate from 48 patients of I-II stage HCC was 93.7%, 80.4%, and 80.4%, respectively. The major complication rate in this study was 2.5% (14 of 565 procedures), which consisted of 5 hemorrhages, 1 colon perforation, 5 injuries of adjacent structures, 2 bile leakages, and 1 skin burn. CONCLUSION: RFA, as a minimally invasive local treatment, has become an effective and relatively safe alternative for the patients of hepatic malignant tumor, even of advanced liver tumor, tumor recurrence, and liver metastases. Knowledge about possible complications and their control may increase the treatment efficacy and help to promote the use of RFA technique.