目的：分析超声造影（CEUS）对肝细胞性肝癌（HCC）各时相的时间定义及病灶增强模式，提出CEUS诊断肝癌的参考标准。方法：分析206例253个明确诊断的HCC病灶超声造影表现,记录注射造影剂后肝动脉、门静脉及肝实质的开始增强时间、肝实质增强峰值时间、HCC病灶开始增强、开始减退时间及增强特征。结果：设置以注射造影剂肝动脉开始显影（5.8～8.4秒）作为动脉相起始时间；以门静脉开始显影（8.7～23.8秒）作为门脉相起始时间；以肝实质增强达峰值（17.6～38.1秒）为实质相起始时间；以180～360秒作为延迟期时间。253个HCC中94.1%（238灶）在动脉期增强，5.9%（15灶）在门脉期增强；84.6%（214灶）在门脉期或实质期退出，11.1%（28灶）在延迟期退出；4.3%（11灶）最终未能退出。归纳HCC的造影表现显示为“快进快出”、“快进慢出”、“快进不出”、“慢进快出”、“慢进慢出或不出”五种模式。结论：根据超声造影时相定义及HCC增强退出特征,总结HCC超声造影模式及诊断参考标准。

目的：讨经皮射频治疗近消化管肝肿瘤时肠灼伤、肠穿孔发生的原因及预防策略，评价临床应用效果。方法：有手术切除史或其他治疗等原因不宜接受再手术的邻近消化道肿瘤55例59个病灶，制定相应的附加方法及治疗后预防措施进行治疗，并进行超声、CT随访。结果：经皮射频治疗后3～72h内持续不同程度腹痛者占38.2%（21/55例），其中48例治疗后7天内行超声或CT检查，右上腹显著疼痛、肠壁增厚水肿者占25%（12/48例），12.5%（6/48例）肠壁增厚显著，并在肝肠之间有少量积液；12例有右上腹手术或邻近肠管区域肿瘤的2～3 次射频治疗病史，其中2例为胆肠吻合术后。2～3周后10例疼痛症状缓解，2例持续性右上腹不适隐痛达4～6个月。3个月后超声或CT 检查，8例（14.5%）显示肠粘连，无1例发生肠穿孔。本组病例肿瘤1次射频消融成功率达89.8%（53/59灶），治疗后复发率达15.3%（9/59灶），其后有11例（11/55，20.0%）采用手术切除或术中RF等方法再治疗。结论：上腹手术及邻近肠管区域局部反复射频治疗是RF 易发生肠壁灼伤的危险因素；重视预防策略，可有效减少肠穿孔并发症的发生。

Background Introperitoneal hemorrhage is one of the most common complications of radiofrequency (RF)ablation of hepatic tumors. This study was designed to investigate the reason and management of intraperitoneal hemorrhage occurred during or after percutaneous RF ablation of hepatic tumors. Methods Three hundred and fifty-six patients with hepatic tumors have been treated at 592 procedures of ultrasound guided RF ablation. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage occurred in 5 patients(0.8%). The reasons and management of intraperitoneal hemorrhage in these 5 cases were retrospectively analyzed. Results Two patients with liver metastasis and one hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient suffered from hemorrhage during the RF treatment. Two patients with recurrent HCC after surgery developed hemorrhage 20 minutes or 4 hours after RF treatment. One case of hemorrhage was due to the inappropriate electrode positioning induced liver laceration while treating a 1cm liver metastasis near the liver capsule. One was due to the injury of a small vessel by the RF needle in another liver metastasis patient. Three cases were due to tumor rupture with two cases induced by cough or position change after treating large protruding HCC lesions. Four (80%) of the 5 cases of hemorrhage were rapidly identified by ultrasound. The causes and sites of bleeding during the RF treatment in three cases were confirmed through ultrasound, which were successfully treated using RF coagulation to achieve hemostasis of the bleeding site. Two patients with post-ablation hemorrhage recovered in one hour and 24 hours, respectively after given blood transfusion and other conservative measures. No surgical intervention was required. Two patients died of wide spread metastasis 23-36 months afterwards and the other three patients have lived for 18-25 months to date. Conclusions It is important to perform close monitoring during and after RF ablation in order to identify intraperitoneal hemorrhage in time. RF ablation of the bleeding sites was a simple and effective management when the bleeding site could be confirmed by ultrasound. The hemorrhage due to the rupture of large and protruding liver tumors could be serious and should be considered as contraindication for RF treatment.

目的：观察新型超声造影剂SonoVue及实时灰阶造影成像技术（CnTI）对肝脏肿瘤的灌注过程及回声变化规律，探讨其对肝脏恶性肿瘤诊断及射频消融治疗的应用价值。方法：35例超声不能完全明确诊断或漏诊的肝脏占位患者，26例经手术或穿刺病理确诊，9例为增强CT、核磁共振等临床资料证实；原发性肝癌23例，肝转移癌5例，良性病变7例。原发性肝癌中14例为射频治疗前检查。结果：原发性肝癌23例均发生动脉早期强化，21例（91.3%）实质期呈快速消退，即“快进快出”型；另2例<2cm的高分化小肝癌则消退缓慢。肝转移性肿瘤5例表现多样，呈动脉期或门脉期环状强化或不同程度强化，消退快慢不一。肝血管瘤3例动脉期瘤内无强化，门静脉期呈向心性填充增强，持续数分钟后消退；余4例良性病灶变化不典型。射频组14例26个HCC瘤灶中9个肿瘤（34.6%）可显示荷瘤血管；12个灶（46.1%）造影后显示原病灶范围增大，其中边界不清晰及无晕征的肿瘤增大明显，此结果有助于确定射频消融范围。结论：新型超声造影技术对肝脏占位病变的定性诊断灵敏而有效，显示肿瘤实际大小、数目和发现微小病灶等可极大地提高超声对肝脏占位病变的诊断价值，并为射频适应征的选择和治疗方案的制定提供了依据。

目的：分析≤2cm微小肝癌的超声造影增强模式，探讨超声造影新技术对微小肝癌的早期诊断价值。方法:应用新型超声造影剂SonoVue及CnTI实时灰阶超声造影匹配成像技术（CEUS）对392例肝脏局灶性病变行超声造影检查，其中经穿刺活检确认肝硬化合并≤2cm肝细胞癌（HCC），并有病理组织学分类诊断的36例38灶为本文研究对象。全部病例造影后即刻或半个月内均行穿刺活检或手术病理检查。最终确诊为中分化癌22个灶，高分化癌12个灶，透明细胞癌4个灶。结果:造影前常规超声仅对16个灶（42.1%）作出恶性诊断或可疑恶性。造影后38个HCC灶动脉期均不同程度增强；其中中分化癌22个灶均发生快速增强，并在实质期快速消退，呈典型的“快进快出”HCC增强模式;高分化癌12个灶中有9个灶（75.0%）呈“快进慢出”模式；透明细胞癌4个灶中1个灶呈“快进快出”，1个灶呈“快进慢出”模式，2个灶呈“轻度慢进慢出”模式。根据CEUS后增强表现，本组76.3%（29个灶）被确认为恶性，18.4%（7个灶）诊断为可疑恶性，另2个≤1.5cm灶（513%）造影增强不典型，未能获得定性诊断。结论:超声造影新技术对肝硬化背景下不同组织类型微小肝癌增强模式的认识为提高微小肝癌的诊断率提供依据。初步结果显示，新型超声造影可作为CT等影像学诊断的互补手段，在小肝癌的早期诊断中发挥重要作用，值得重视推广。