The Sydney-Bowen basin in eastern Australia is an elongate back arc-converted foreland basin system situated between the Lachlan Fold Belt in the west and the New England Fold Belt in the east. The Middle Permian Wandrawandian Siltstone at Warden Head near Ulladulla in the southern Sydney Basin is dominated by fossiliferous siltstone and mudstone, with a large amount of dropstones and minor pebbly sandstone beds. Two general types of deposits are recognized from the siltstone unit in view of the timing and mechanism of formation. One is represented by the primary deposits from offshore to subtidal environments with abundant dropstones of glacial marine origin. The second type is distinguished by secondary, soft-sediment deformational deposits and structures, and comprises three layers of mudstone dykes of seismic origin. In the latter type, metre scale, laterally extensive syn-depositional slump deformation structures occur in the middle part of the Wandrawandian Siltstone. The deformation structures vary in morphology and pattern, including large-scale complex-type folds, flexural stratification, concave-up structures, faulting of small displacements accompanied by folding and brecciation. The slumps and associated syn-sedimentary structures are attributed to penecontemporaneous deformations of soft sediments (mostly silty mud) formed as a result of mass movement of unconsolidated and/or semi-consolidated substrate following an earthquake event. The occurrence of the earthquake event deposits supports the current view that the Sydney Basin was located in a back-arc setting near the New England magmatic arc on an active continental margin during the Middle Permian.

北祁连造山带位于华北板块西南缘，是中—南祁连微板块与华北板块碰撞形成的加里东造山带。永登石灰沟位于北祁连东段，跨奥陶纪岛弧构造带。永登石灰沟—带奥陶系主要分布中堡群，其主要为中基性火山岩、火山碎屑岩夹硅质岩、大理岩、板岩及变质砂岩。硅质岩的沉积地球化学研究表明，与岛弧火山岩共生的硅质岩为生物成因，形成于大陆边缘盆地的构造背景。但硅质岩稀土元素特征反映其受陆源影响不明显，为远离陆源的深水盆地沉积。推测北祁连奥陶纪处于多岛洋的构造背景，北祁连奥陶纪存在宽阔、多岛的古洋盆。

地震是一种灾害性的地质事件。地震及其引发的海啸、重力流可以形成震积岩、海啸岩和震浊积岩。在地震过程中，震积作用可以形成特殊的构造标志（地震断裂层、地裂缝、微同沉积断裂、微褶皱纹理、重力断层等）、沉积和成岩标志（砂岩脉、泥岩脉、泥晶脉、即磨牙(molar tooth)构造、枕状层、砂火山、泥火山、同沉积变形构造、丘状层理等）。地震沉积组合包括原地震积岩（A，包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎角砾岩、内碎屑副角砾岩等）、海啸岩（B，由具丘状层理、平行层理的碎屑岩或内碎屑灰岩组成）、震浊积岩（C，由具块状层理、递变层理或玻马序列的粗碎屑岩或碎屑灰岩组成）及背景沉积（D）4个单元，它们组合成A-B-C-D、A-B-D、A-C-D、A-D、B-D、C-D等6种类型的沉积序列。

海啸(或称津浪，tsunami)是海底地震(海震)火山爆发等因素引发的巨浪。海啸可以在海底形成特殊的事件沉积——海啸岩。海啸岩主要由具丘状层理、平行层理、块状层理及亮错层理的粗碎屑岩或碎屑麦岩组成，它们与触发海啸的地震、火山形成的震积岩、火山岩紧密共生。根据云南滇中地区中元古代昆阳群大龙口组的观测研究，认为大龙口组中存在典型的震积岩(包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩)。与之共生的具丘状层理、平行层理的内碎屑副角砾岩、含砾砂屑灰岩为海啸岩成因，它们组成典型的震积岩一海啸岩序列。

黔桂地区是泥盆纪时期南华海盆内裂陷活动作用初始且十分显著的地区。本文结合区域构造和盆地格局分析，通过典型剖面研究，将黔桂稳定型滨岸—台地相区的泥盆系列分为21个3缓海平面变化控制的层序。根据南丹罗富、大厂裂陷槽盆地泥盆系层序地层研究和与相邻稳定型泥盆系层序地层对比及层序地层格架分析，揭示了裂陷槽盆地的形成演化过程。指出构造幕式沉降是裂陷槽盆地层序发育和层序构成的主控因素。构造幕式层序记录了盆地幕式构造沉降的沉积响应。