In-situ optical emission spectroscopy was used to systematically study the influence of nitrogen on the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by microwave-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at different CH concentrations in a CH4/N2 gas mixture. The results show that CN and C2 co-exist in the plasma and emission intensities of the two species are correlated. The morphology and microstructure of the samples vary with the CH4 concentration. Well aligned nanotubes are obtained at 20% CH4- With the participation of N2-, the CNTs present a polymerized nanobell structure. More importantly, the length and thickness of each nanobell can be modulated by varying the CH4 concentration. Without N2-, conventional cylindrical CNTs are obtained.

The linear and quasilinear theory of the collisionless trapped electron mode (also called the "ubiquitous" mode) is analyzed, in order to illustrate its possible role in the electron thermal energy transport observed in magnetically confined plasmas. This instability is driven by the combined effects of the plasma pressure gradient (which includes the contributions from the temperature gradients of ions and electrons) and of the local magnetic curvature drift of trapped electrons and of circulating and trapped ions. Depending on the value of its wavelength across the magnetic field, this mode can connect with a branch of the ion temperature gradient instability, provided the ion temperature gradient is sufficiently strong. Also, under certain conditions, it can be driven unstable solely by a combination of electron temperature gradient and Landau damping by trapped electrons. The relevant modes are found to be robust against variation of parameters such as the electron collisionality, and to be consistent candidates in order to explain the experimentally observed rate of electron thermal energy transport from the center of the plasma column.