A mutant of a-lactalbumin was expressed and purified, in which His32, Thr33, Glu49, Ile59, Val99, and Tyr103 were substituted by Leu32, Glu33, Asp49, Trp59, Asn99, and Ala103, respectively, to create a catalytic site of lysozyme in a-lactalbumin. The mutant catalyzed hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate, pNP-(NAcGlc)3, with a KM and kcat of 0.160

Pro-urokinase has a much higher intrinsic catalytic activity than other zymogens of the serine protease family. Lys300(c143) in an apparent "flexible loop" region (297-313) was previously shown to be an important determinant of this intrinsic catalytic activity. This was related to the loop allowing the positive charge of Lys300(c143) to transiently interact with Asp355(c194), thereby inducing an active conformation of the protease domain (Liu, J. N., Tang, W., Sun, Z., Kung, W., Pannell, R., Sarmientos, P., and Gurewich, V. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 14070-14076). To further test this hypothesis, the charge at position 300(c143) and the flexibility of the loop were altered using site-directed mutagenesis designed according to a computer model to affect the interaction between Lys300(c143) and Asp355(c194). When the charge at Lys300(c143) but not Lys313(c156) was reduced, a significant reduction in the intrinsic catalytic activity occurred. Similarly, when the flexibility (wobbliness) of the loop was enhanced reducing the size of side chain, the intrinsic catalytic activity was also reduced. By contrast, when the loop was made less flexible, the intrinsic catalytic activity was increased. These findings were consistent with the hypothesis. The effects of these mutations on two-chain activity were less and often discordant with the intrinsic catalytic activity, indicating that they can be modulated independently. This structure-function disparity can be exploited to create a more zymogenic pro-urokinase (lower intrinsic catalytic activity) with a high catalytic activity, as exemplified by two of the mutants. The changes in intrinsic catalytic activity and two-chain activity induced by the mutations were due to changes in kcat rather than Km. Some significant structure-function differences between prourokinase and its highly homologous counterpart, tissue plasminogen activator, were also found.

The synthesis and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of a novel agent NE2001, 4-(4-methylbenzyl)-40-[guanidinomethylbenzoyloxy] biphenyl-4-carboxylate hydrochloride, are described. NE2001 had a specific inhibitory effect on the growth of H. pylori preceded by the suppression DNA synthesis in the cell. The effects of NE2001 on RNA and protein syntheses in H. pylori were also examined.