The movement and destruction of overburden caused by underground mining will change it's engineering geologic characteristics, forming a damaged foundation. There exists a serious hidden danger to construct on such foundation. The ground deformation over the abandoned workings is influenced by two factors: one is the compaction ruptured rock body or structure collapse; another is the disturbance by additional load of newly constructed buildings. Grouting into the fractured rock body in the condition of shallow goaf is the main way to control the ground residual deformation. While in the condition of a certain mining depth the distribution of ground subsidence is continuous and the residual deformation goes gradually. So to raise the building's ability in resisting or acclimatizing ground deformation is the main way of protecting new buildings above the goaf. A case of heavy building constructed over shallow goaf shows that the building's safety can be guaranteed on condition that measures of strengthening partial rupture ground and anti-deformation structure are adopted.

在废弃采空区破损地基上兴建大型建筑物时，建筑荷载作用引起采动破碎岩土体“活化”变形的临界采深至少为建筑荷载地基最大扰动深度和采空区冒裂带最大高度之和，给出了该临界深度的估算公式。

调查分析了充州矿区鲍店矿综采放顶煤工作面和普通综采工作面地表移动观测站实测资料，研究结果表明：综放开采时地表移动更加剧烈、地表危险移动范围增大，超前影响范围超过常规分层开采约40%．下沉活跃期占总移动时间的71.4%．活跃期下沉量约占总下沉量的95%．研究还表明，采厚是控制超前影响角和最大下沉速度滞后角的重要因素之一，地表充分采动区存在的残余变形现象更加明显。

开采沉陷是造成矿区环境地质灾害的直接根源，有效控制和减轻地面沉陷程度是减轻或避免开采沉陷环境灾害的根本之路．针对这一问题，分析了充填开采、条带开采和覆岩离层注浆岩层控制技术的优缺点，根据荷载置换原理，提出了“条带开采——注浆充填固结采空区一剩余条带开采”的三步法（二次条带式）开采沉陷控制的新思路．进行了三步法开采沉陷控制的可行性研究．初步分析表明，采用三步法开采可以实现对岩层移动和地表沉陷的有效控制，地表下沉系数可控制在0.25左右，煤炭采出率可达到80%～90%，可基本实现地面建筑物不搬迁和大幅度减轻土地塌陷灾害．

废弃采空区破裂岩体变形是导致地表沉陷的主要原因。根据长壁采空区及其覆岩中采动次生结构面和结构体特征，将长壁采空区覆岩结构划分为四种类型。通过岩石碎胀与压实试验和