In this paper a two-dimensional (2-D) dynamicmodel, based on a tensor formulation and solved numericallyby combining finite elements and finite differences, is proposedand used for analyzing nematic liquid crystal (LC) test cells withinterdigital electrodes. We compare theoretical and experimentalresults concerning the switching behavior, response mechanism,and viewing angle characteristics of nematic LC pixel structureswhich use the in-plane-switching (IPS) mode. The good agreementobserved between theory and experiment in terms of electroopticalproperties validates our modeling and demonstrates itspotential for design optimization. We show that the proposed LCtest cells, using the in-plane-switching mode, ensure switching-ON and -OFF response times of 22 and 28 ms, respectively, andexcellent viewing angle characteristics.

The influence of solute atoms on point-defect properties and defect generation by radiation damage in alloys is known to be important, and hence it is desirable to understand their effect on the basic mecha- nisms involved. Most computer modeling of these phenomena has only considered pure metals, but as part of a project to investigate displacement cascades in alloys, we have simulated dilute solutions of gold (Au) in copper (Cu), treating this as a "model" for a heavy, oversized solute alloy system. In the present paper, modified many-body interatomic potentials for the Cu-Au system are described that are suitable for modeling high-energy atomic collisions. The properties of point defects in pure copper and the dilute alloy, including solute-defect binding energies, are presented. The oversized solute has a larger binding energy with an interstitial atom than with a vacancy. The displacement threshold energy, Ea, of a Cu atom and a Au atom in the copper matrix has been investigated as a function of primary recoil direction, and the difference between the two species is found to be substantial. Furthermore, the pres- ence of a Au solute has a significant effect on the formation of Frenkel pairs by the replacement- collision-sequence mechanism. These results are discussed in terms of the mass and size difference of Cu and Au atoms.

Research into displacement cascade processes in alloy systems has received little attention, yet is potentially of interest because issuessuch as the effect of solutes on the displacement threshold and the defectdistribution and movement in cascades are important. As part of a widerstudy, we have initially considered the minor substitutional solute Au in a Cu matrix, and have used molecular dynamics to investigate the properties of point defects, the threshold displacement energy Ed, and temporal and spatial distribution of defects in low-energy (≤500 eV) displacement cascades. The results show that the influence of the solute on the properties of defects is important and that Edis dramatically different from its form in pure copper. In comparison with pure copper,the recoil of the Au solute gives rise to a higher peak at longer timesin the number of displaced atoms in the generation of a displacement cascade. The influence of this on defect density in the cascade and thefinal number and arrangement of defects has been investigated.

In e-commerce protocols, malicious participantsmisbehave on their benefits. There is some work in analysisthe application-protocols but little similar work about thefoundation-protocols. To fill the gap we use semi-regularentities to denote the entities different from penetrators thatparticipate in the protocol on behalf of themselves such ascustomers in e-commerce. A method in strand space model isalso presented. After descriptions of hash and Diffie-Hellmanexchange, semi-regular strand and semi-regular node areadded into the model, finally is an attack on the Internet KeyExchange (IKE) protocol as a case.

By a thorough analysis of the contents and scope of the publiclogistics information, a role-based multilevel solution of information sharing isproposed. And by use of metadata theory, the unified description andclassification of the information are done with an aim to achieve heterogeneousdata sharing and exchanging. Based on this, a service-oriented-architecture(SOA)-based system framework is put forward in order to integrate and reuseexisting systems, data and service resources. By introducing web service andbusiness process execution language (BPEL), etc. into the solution, servicesreuse and businesses automatisation are achieved. In this way, the degree ofinformatisation of supply chains management can be deepened, the interactionsbetween governmental departments and enterprises can be enhanced and theprocess of customs e-governing can be accelerated. Finally, an application ofthe solution to a logistics customs clearance information sharing platform isalso given to show its applicability.