应用末端标记限制性片段长度多态性（Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, T2RFLP）和克隆文库分析，以微生物群落16S rRNA基因（16S rDNA）为目标，对大庆油田过渡带油井采出液 （于2005年7月和10月取样）中的微生物群落结构进行了解析和比较。T2RFLP分析表明，2005年7月和10月油井采出液中古菌群落结构较为单一，随时间变化不大；而细菌群落结构较为复杂，不同时间群落中的优势菌有明显的差别。古菌和细菌16S rDNA片段测序和系统发育分析表明，大庆油田过渡带油井采出液古菌群落中的优势菌均为产甲烷菌；细菌群落中的优势菌则与β、γ、δ、ε变形杆菌（Proteobacteria） 、拟杆菌（Bacte-roidetes）和脱铁杆菌（Deferribacteres）有较高的相似性, 细菌群落中检出了大量的未培养微生物（Deep-branching lineages）。

目前自然界中只有极少部分微生物能够得到培养，严重阻碍了对微生物生命活动规律的研究和微生物资源的开发。改进传统培养方法，采用新型培养技术，提高微生物可培养性，大量培养自然界中存在的微生物，从而更全面、准确地了解微生物细胞的生命规律、获悉微生物群落中各种微生物之间的动态相互作用和相互协调的规律，对环境微生物工艺进行准确地设计、精细地调控和高效地利用。简要介绍了微生物不可培养的原因，系统总结了有关提高微生物可培养性方法的最新研究进展，提出研究中存在的问题，并阐述了模拟自然环境条件、强调微生物相互关系是提高微生物可培养性的关键。

受粪便污染的水体可能含有严重威胁人类和动物健康的致病微生物，由于病原微生物在水环境中往往数量较少、检测比较困难，通常采用检测与病原微生物具有密切关系的指示微生物来指示和估计病原污染。指示微生物包括总大肠菌群及其替代微生物，已被广泛应用于水体污染程度检测等方面。总结了各种指示微生物的特性、应用范围以及检测方法等方面的最新研究进展。初步介绍了指示微生物和水环境之间的关系，着重介绍了判断病原微生物污染来源的指示微生物及其最新检测方法。

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, strain SS011B1-20T, was isolated from sediments of the South China Sea. Growth occurred at NaCl concentrations between 0 and 10% and at temperatures between 10 and 37 6C. Strain SS011B1-20T contained Q-10 as the major respiratory quinone and C18: 1v7c (81.2%), C16: 0 (7.0%) and C18: 1 methyl (4.3%) as the predominant fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.7 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain SS011B1-20T belonged to a clade within the genus Oceanicola in the Alphaproteobacteria, the highest sequence similarities being found with respect to Oceanicola batsensis (96.3%) and with Oceanicola granulosus (94.9%). Strain SS011B1-20T could be clearly distinguished from other Oceanicola species on the basis of the genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic data. Thus, it is proposed that strain SS011B1-20T represents a novel species of the genus Oceanicola, with the name Oceanicola nanhaiensis sp. nov. The type strain is SS011B1-20T (=LMG 23508T=CGMCC 1.6293T).

A thermophilic, methylotrophic methanogen, strain ZC-1T, was isolated from the Shengli oilfield, China. Cells of strain ZC-1T were motile cocci, 0.7-1.0 mm in diameter and always occurred in clusters of two to four cells. Lysis-susceptibility experiments and analysis of transmission electron micrographs of strain ZC-1T suggested the presence of a proteinaceous cell wall. Strain ZC-1T used methanol, methylamine and trimethylamine as substrates for methanogenesis. Optimal growth, with a doubling time of around 5 h, occurred at pH 6.0-6.5, 65 6C, 0.3-0.5 M NaCl and 0.05-0.20 M MgCl2. The DNA G+C content of this organism was 56 mol%. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence and the inferred amino acid sequence of the mcrA gene of strain ZC-1T indicated that it is related specifically to members of the family Methanosaetaceae (90.6 and 76.6% sequence similarity, respectively). However, strain ZC-1T failed to grow with acetate as substrate for methanogenesis, which is a special characteristic of the family Methanosaetaceae. Based on these phenotypic and phylogenic characteristics, strain ZC-1T is proposed to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Methermicoccus shengliensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZC-1T (5CGMCC 1.5056T5DSM 18856T). Methermicoccaceae fam. nov. is also proposed.