Sea surface wind speed and significant wave height (SWH) are two basic parameters, in addition to sea surface height, which can be inferred from satellite altimeter measurements. Traditionally, altimeter-derived wind and wave data are less extensively used compared to sea surface height, as they are sometimes considered as by-products of satellite altimetry (in contrast to, for example, the dedicated scatterometer missions for marine wind observations). However, it is clear that altimeter-based wind and wave data have the unique advantage of being concurrent and collocated with each other. Using eight years (1993-2000) of TOPEX altimeter data with unprecedented accuracy and continuity, the 10-, 50- and 100-year return values of global wind speed and SWH are derived, their characteristics are discussed in relation to wind climatology and wind variability. Validations against in situ observations indicate that the uncertainties of altimeter-derived extreme winds and waves are at the levels of 10% and 5%, respectively. These results suggest that satellite altimeter data, with present quality and duration, can be very useful in many aspects of coastal engineering and marine technology such as design of offshore facilities, ship routing, and preparation of other sea-going activities.

Numerous case reports and regional studies on swell and wind sea events have been documented during the past century. The global picture of these common oceanic phenomena, however, is still incomplele in many aspects. This paper presents a feasibility study of using colioealed wind speed and significant wave height measurements from simultaneous satellite seatterometer and altimeter sources to observe the spatial and seasonal pattern of dominant swell and wind wave zones in the world's ace.s. Two energy reIated normalized indices are proposed, on the basis of which global statistics of swell/wind sea probabilities and intensities are obtained, It is found that three welt-defined tongue-shaped zones of swell dominance, termed "swell pools," are located in the eastern Iropical areas of the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Oceans, respectively. Regions of intensive wave growdl are observed in the northwest Pacific, the northwest Atlantic, the Southern Ocean, and the Med-iterranean Sea. Seasonality is distinct for the climme of both swell and wind sea, notably the large scale northward bending of the swell pools in boreal summer, and the dramatlc shift of wave-growing extent from a summer low to an autumn high. The results of this study may serve as a useful reference for a variety of activities, such as ocean wave modeling, satellite algorithm validation, coastal engineering, and ship routing, when in furmation an swell and wind sea conditions is needed

热和电故障是导致变压器重大事故的主要原因，过热故障回路的确定又是人们一直所关注的问题。针对目前所采用的确定过热故障回路诊断正确率较低的现状，作者在模糊综合评判的基础上，根据模糊综合评判的逆过程和对大量过热故障原因和检测现象的分析建立了识别热故障回路的诊断模型，并确定了形成过热故障原因与现象之间的模糊关系矩阵。通过诊断实际分析，此方法准确、简便、实用。