The fermentation of an epoxide hydrolase by a newly isolated Trichosporon loubierii strain ECU1040 was optimized. The epoxide hydrolase production was enhanced by 6.9-fold from an initial activity of 45 U/l with the incorporation of substrate induction, optimization of medium composition and other culture conditions, and the implementation of a fed-batch process. It was found that phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) could efficiently induce biosynthesis of the epoxide hydrolase, though it strongly inhibited the cell growth. To reduce the toxicity of PGE, dibutyl o-phthalate was used in flask cultivation to dissolve PGE, keeping a low concentration of PGE in the broth. Glucose was added to promote cell growth in the presence of PGE, though glycerol was identified as the best single carbon source for the highest specific activity. Trace elements have significant effect on the epoxide hydrolase synthesis.With addition of trace elements and glucose and adjustment of phosphate concentration, the total activity was enhanced by 150%. To further increase the epoxide hydrolase production, a fed-batch culture with PGE in the feed solution was performed in a 5-l jar fermenter. The maximum production of the epoxide hydrolase was 312 U/l, with a specific activity of 23.7 U/g DCW (dry cell weight).

A facile method for enzymatic glycosylation of 4-substituted benzyl alcohols and tyrosol with glucose in a monophasic aqueous-dioxane medium was reported, using a crude meal of apple seed as a new catalyst. The corresponding b-D-glucosides were synthesized in moderate yields (13.1-23.1%), among which the salidroside was obtained in 15.8% yield.

The two processes for the partial purification and for the immobilization of a crude lipase preparation (Candida rugosa Lipase OF) have been successfully integrated into one by simple adsorption of the enzyme onto a cation ion exchanger resin (SP-Sephadex C-50) at pH 3.5. Due to selective removal of the unfavorable lipase isoenzyme (L1), the enzyme components (mainly L2 and L3) that are tightly fixed on the resin displayed a significantly improved enantioselectivity (E value: 50 versus 13 with addition of Tween-80) in the biocatalytic hydrolysis of 2-chloroethyl ester of rac-ketoprofen. The activity yields of the immobilized lipase were 48 and 70%, respectively when emulsified and non-emulsified substrates were employed for enzyme assay. Moreover, the concentration of Tween-80 was found to be a factor affecting the lipase enantioselectivity. By using such an immobilized enzyme as biocatalyst, the process for preparing enantiopure (S)-ketoprofen becomes simpler and more practical as compared with the previously reported procedures and the product was obtained with >94% ee at 22.3% conversion in the presence of an optimal concentration (0.5mg/ml) of Tween-80 at pH 3.5. Furthermore, the operational stability of the immobilized biocatalyst was examined in different types of reactors. In an air-bubbled column reactor, the productivity was much higher than that in a packed-bed column reactor, in spite of a slightly lower stability. Under optimal conditions, the air-bubbled column reactor could be operated smoothly for at least 350 h, remaining nearly 50% activity.

Optically active epoxides can be prepared by kinetic resolution of racemic mixtures using stereospecific epoxide hydrolases. To increase the bio-resolution efficiency of a sparingly water-soluble epoxide (glycidyl phenyl ether, GPE), we investigated the use of organic/aqueous two-phase system.Various conditions were systematically examined and optimized in shake flasks. Isooctanewas found to be the most suitable solvent as the organic phase. The phase volume ratio (φo/w) and biocatalyst concentration were shown to be sensitive parameters affecting both the reaction rate and the enzyme enantiospecificity in the biphase system. An isooctane/aqueous system was developed to overcome the low solubility and instability of GPE in the aqueous phase, resulting in a significant improvement of enatiomeric ratio (E-value) from 39.5 to 94.0 and an average productivity of 18.8mg GPE/(h g) biocatalyst to 48.9mg GPE/(h g) biocatalyst, respectively. Resolution of a 90.1g/l solution of racemic glycidyl phenyl ether in isooctane phase was successfully carried out in a mechanically stirred reactor (120ml), affording (S)-glycidyl phenyl ether in high (100%) enantiomeric excess with a yield of 44.5%.

Kinetic resolution of a chiral alcohol, 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2[1]-propenyl)-2-cyclopentenone (HMPC), a key intermediate for the production of prallethrin insecticides, was successfully carried out by enantioselective hydrolysis of (RS)-HMPC acetate using calcium alginate gel-entrapped cells of a newly isolated esterase-producing bacterium Acinetobacter sp. CGMCC 0789. When the effect of different cosolvents was investigated, it was found that isopropanol could markedly enhance the activity and enantioselectivity of the immobilized cells. The optimum concentration of isopropanol was 10% (v/v) where immobilized cells still showed good operational stability. After 10 cycles of reaction, no significant decrease in the enzyme activity was observed. The catalytic specificity constants (Vmax/Km) for both enantiomers of the substrate were determined with partially purified enzyme, giving 0.0184 and 0.671 h−1for the (S)- and (R)-ester, respectively.