对影响山杏原生质体分离和培养的因素进行了系统研究。以悬浮培养物为分离材料，在CPW+1.5% Cellulase Onzuka R-10+0.5% Macerozyme R-10+0.5% Hemicellulase+0.6mol/L甘露醇+1%PVP的酶解液中酶解10h，原生质体产量和活力分别达到8×106个/gFW和95%。以KM8P为基本培养基，在培养初期加2，4-D1.0、BA 0.25mg/L，培养10d和30d后分别将BA调至0.5和1.0mg/L，以0.55mol/L山梨醇调节渗透压，培养过程中逐步降压，在0.5×105个/mL的植板密度下液体浅层培养60d后形成了微愈伤组织。将微愈伤组织转至固体培养基上继代培养，在分化培养基上分化出不定芽，在生根培养基上生根形成完整植株。

研究了影响山杏下胚轴再生的有关因素，首次获得了山杏下胚轴再生植株。结果表明：在附加TDZ2mg/L、AA0.5mg/L的改良MS培养基（1/2 NH4NO3）上愈伤组织诱导率（100%）和再生频率（37.5%）均最高，TDZ效果优于6-BA，不定梢在改良MS+IBA0.2mg/L培养基上生根率为75.8%。

通过对原产于不同地区的51个杏品种的性器官发育和结实性的系统调查和测定，结果表明，1. 花粉大小和形状少数虽有一定差异，而绝大多数品种相似，品种问花粉萌发率尽管差异很大，但所有品种均为花粉可育型；2. 大多数品种不完全花百分率很高，自然授粉结实率很低，其主要原因是雌蕊败育；3. 品种间不完全花百分率与花粉萌发率呈正相关；4. 欧洲生态群品种与中国生态群品种比较花粉大小和形状基本相似，而花粉萌发率和不完全花百分率低，自然授粉结实率高；5. 欧洲生态群品种能白花结实，而中国生态群品种均为自花不实品种。

The objective of this study was to determine how xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation and the antioxidant system in the peel of apple fruit respond to the natural light exposure within the tree canopy. Fruit from exterior and interior canopies of both mature 'Gala' and 'Smoothee' apple trees were sampled at noon and/or predawn to measure chlorophyll fluorescence, xanthophyll cycle pool size and composition, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Compared with the shaded side, the sun-exposed peel of the fruit had more excess absorbed photon flux density (PFD) as a result of a lower photosystem II operating efficiency and a higher incident PFD at noon. The efficiency of excitation transfer was lower in the sun-exposed peel than in the shaded peel, indicative of higher thermal dissipation. The sun-exposed peel had a larger xanthophyll cycle pool size and a higher conversion state. It also had higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase, and a larger size and a higher reduction state of the ascorbate pool and the glutathione pool. However, catalase activity was lower in the sun-exposed peel than in the shaded peel. Superoxide dismutase did not show significant trend with regard to fruit peel type or position in the canopy. We conclude that both the xanthophyll cycle and the ascorbate/glutathione pathway in the apple fruit peel are acclimated to the prevailing light exposure within the tree canopy to meet the respective needs for dissipating excess absorbed PFD and detoxifying reactive oxygen species.