Flocculation and dispersion of colloidal particles of nine inorganic paddy soils were studied mainly based on turbidity measurements of the suspensions of soils which were prev:iously incubated at 28℃ under in, vitro waterlogged conditions. After l-week of incubation, the turbidity of the soils except for l) two soils containing larger amounts of sodium salts and 2) one soil containing larger amounts of Fe and Al oxides, significantly decreased, and colloidal particles flocculated with l) a decrease in soil Eh and 2) an increase in electric conductiv-ity (EC). During the 3-t0 4-week period of waterlogging, the turbidity of the three soils significantly increased with the l) decrease in EC and 2) increase in pH of the soils although the Eh remained low. Infrared (IR) absorption analysis showed that the suspended colloidal particles consisted of layer sili-cates from respective soil clays. Oxidation of suspensions of waterlogged soils by air-bubbling led to an increase in turbidity with the l) increase in Eh, and 2) decrease in pH, EC, and water-soluble Fe2+ concentration. It was suggested that the stability of the soil colloidal suspensions was affected by soil reduction with alterations in ionic species and their concentrations at clay surfaces and in soil solutions.

Flocculation and dispersion of clay particles in in vitro waterlogged soils at 8, 18, 28, and 380C were investigated with some indications of soil reduction. Above 280C, waterlogging for l-week in the six soils caused a significant decrease in the turbidity of their colloidal suspensions. The decrease in the turbidity, i.e., the flocculation of the clay particles, was evident with (i) a decrease of redox potential (Eh) of the soils, (ii) an increase in the values of electric conductivity (EC) and water-soluble cations (WSCs: Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+ etc.) in the solutions, and (iii) an increase in the amounts of volatile fatty acids (VFAs: acetic, propionic, and n,-butyric acids) in the soils. Soilincutoation at 8℃ retarded the decrease in Eh, the increase in the values of EC, WSCs, and VFAs, and the decrease in the turbidity. At 380C, samples of four soils water-logged for 4 weeks showed a low turbidity with a low Eh, and high values of EC, WSCs, and VFAs. The samples of other two soils, however, exhibited a significant increase in the turbidity, viz. the dispersion of clay particles, with an increase in pH and decrease in the values of EC, WSCs, and VFAs under low Eh. The observed flocculation and dispersion of clay particles in the water-logged soils were discussed in relation to chemical changes under sequential reduction of soils, particularly change in ionic strength of soil solutions largely due to the (i) dissolution and precipitation reactions related to Fe2+ and Fe(III) and (ii) cation exchange reactions between Fe2+ and other exchangeable cations on clay surfaces.

The electrokinetic behavior of colloidal particles in three waterlogged soils at 38℃ was investigated with reference to the stability changes of soil colloidal suspensions under reductive conditions. The dispersed clay particles of the three sons exhibited a negative zeta (ζ) potential. The absolute value of the ζ-potential, |-ζ| of these soils in the earlier period of waterlogging decreased, which caused the flocculation of clay particles. The concentrations of divalent cations, i.e., Fe2+ and Ca2+ in the soil solutions were estimated to be higher than their critical flocculation concentrations (CFCs) on the basis of the observed CFCs of Fe2+ and Ca2+ for the clay suspension of halloysite as a reference. With the progression of the reduction process, clay particles of one soil still exhibited a low |-ζ| and fiocculated. The concentrations of Fe2+ and Ca2+ in the soil solutions were estimated to be higher than their CFCs, respectively. The clay particles of two sandy soils, however, showed an increase in |-ζ| due to the increase in pH and dispersed. The concentrations of Fe2+ and Ca2+ in the soil solutions were estimated to be lower than their CFCs, respectively. The stabil-ity changes of the soil colloidal suspensions by these divalent cations under sequential soil-reduction can be explained by the alteration of the Stern potential (-ψs), which determines the repulsion energy related to the potential energy of interaction'between two particles. The apparent decrease in the Ca2+ concentration of the soil solutions in the later period of waterlogging was explained largely by the re-adsorption of water-soluble Caz+ on the exchange sites of soil clays with the decrease in the Fe2+ concentration in the soil solution.

The cause of the decrease in the Fe2+ concentration of the soil solution in the later period of soil waterlogging was investigated. After 7-d incubation of the soil solutions separated from previously waterlogged soils (PWdS), a greyish precipitate (PPT) was observed in the soil solutions. The color of the PPT became reddish brown after separation from the solutions and freeze-drying. The PPT observed in 14-d-PWdS contained 352.6 g Fe kg-1, 62.5g C kg-1, 22.6g P kg-1, 11.3g Si kg-l, 9.9 g N kg-1, 0.7 g AI kg-1, and a trace amount of Mn. However, Ca, Mg, K, and Na could not be detected. It was concluded that the separated PPT was dominated by amorphous ferric hydroxide based on the chemical analysis, broad IR absorption band at 585 cm-q, and exothermic peak at 301℃. The data of chemical analysis and the characteristic IR bands of the PPT suggested that organic substances and presumably alununosilicate anion were adsorbed onto the freshly-formed ferric hydroxide. The dominant phase of the greyish PPT in the reductive soil solution was considered to be ferrous PPT and was assumed to consist mainly of carbonate and/or hydroxide, and conconutantly of phosphate. The formation of the ferrous PPT in the soil solution in the later period of soil waterlogging was considered to (i) cause the decrease of concentration of Fe2+ ion and of other divalent cations such as Ca2+ due to the re-adsorption of Ca2+ on soil clays through the cation exchange reaction with Fe2+ ion, and consequently (ii) enhance the dispersion of the soil colloidal suspension.

以世界卫生组织和联合国粮农组织推荐的营养素供给量标准以及我国建议的营养素供给量标准为基准，以婴儿为对象．采用混合惩罚函数法，借助计算机技术．对婴儿经常食用的营养米粉进行了优化设计．获得了最佳配方．计算过程表明，该方飞可行结果可靠，该方法亦可用于各类营养保健食品的最忧设计。

以中性原子最高占据轨道能EHOAO、最低未充满轨道能ELUAO及价壳层轨道电子平均结合能EOEAC为基本参数，用下式定义了元素电负性：XL=0.063398-0.023110ELUAO-0.199659EOEAC+0.050572EHOAO用上式给出一个1-88号元素的电负性，结果表明，新电负性标度与目前流行的Pauling标度颇为一致，进一步确定了碳原子sp、sp2、sp3杂化轨道的电负性。

综述了渍水土壤还原过程中微生物代谢、化学变化、土壤结构和土壤胶体的稳定性的相关研究，在还原过程中，随着好氧细菌、兼性厌氧细菌、硫酸还原菌和甲烷菌的活动，相继形成氨、硝酸根离子、亚铁离子、硫化物、气体物质及有机酸，在渍水初期，水溶性阳离子浓度的增加导致土壤悬浊液凝集，在渍水后期，亚铁沉淀的形成致使二价水溶性阳离子浓度降低，使得土壤胶粒悬浊液分散，在还原条件下，土壤胶体稳定性的变化过程是一个动电机理.

以林檎叶的水提取组(A)、乙醇提取经石油醚萃取后分成的石油醚组(B)和乙醇提取组(C)、C组加HCI溶解后得到的(D)组、酸不溶物经乙酸乙酯溶解经NaOH萃取得NaOH萃取组(E)、乙酸乙酯萃取组(F)及石油醚提取组(G)为受试物，用小鼠免疫器官重量法、小鼠常压耐缺氧实验、小鼠游泳实验、小鼠耐高温、耐低温实验和小鼠碳粒廓清法实验，探讨了林檎叶不同成分对机体免疫功能的影响，结果表明：A组比对照组小鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数均有显著增加(P<0.05)，C组比对照组胸腺指数有显著的增加(P<0.05)；C组浓度增加对胸腺指数有极显著的影响(P<0.01)，脾脏指数与对照相比有显著差异(P<0.05)；A组廓清指数、吞噬活性均比对照有明显提高(P<0.05)；A、C、D与对照组比较能显著延长小鼠耐缺氧时间(P<0.05)；C、D、E组比对照组延长小鼠耐低温时间(P<0.05)；D组比对照能延长小鼠游泳时间(P<0.01)；受试物均无明显提高小鼠的抗高温能力，林檎叶的水提取物和乙醇提取物能明显提高小鼠的免疫功能。

以麝香百合渣、麝香百合膳食纤维和卷丹渣为原料进行实验，并通过建立便秘模型，了解百合膳食纤维对小白鼠润肠通便功能的影响，实验结果证明，百合膳食纤维极显著缩短了小鼠的首次排便时间（p<0.Ol），麝香百合渣、卷丹渣能够增加小鼠的排便质量，其有效剂量为7.8g/kg，当剂量达到15.6g/kg时，所有实验组均能极恩著增加排便质量，中浓度卷丹渣能显著提高粪便含水率（p<0.05），高浓度百合膳食纤维能够极显著增加小鼠粪便含水率(p<0.01)。中、高浓度的百合膳食纤维能极显著增加小肠推进率(p<0.01)。由此说明，百合膳食纤维能改善便秘模型小鼠的通便功能，并且以高浓度百合膳食纤维的效果最佳。

以H2O2作漂白荆，探讨了淀粉乳浓度、H2O2用量、反应时间、反应温度和pH等因素对百合淀粉白度的影响，并用正交实验确定了百合淀粉漂白的最佳工艺条件。结果表明，在酸性条件下，其白度值随H2O2的添加量、温度和时间的增加而增大，随淀粉乳浓度和pH的增加而减小；最适宜的漂白工艺条件为淀粉乳浓度50%，H2O2添加量50%．反应温度40℃，反应时间30min，pH3.0。