The effect of salinity on reproduction, lifespan and survival rate, and the tolerance range on salinity shock of Pseudodiaptomus annandalei Sewell, was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. All individuals were fed with Platymonas subcordiformis. The total number of offspring was the most at 15 ppt, secondly was at 10 ppt among seven salinity levels during 10 days. The naupliar survival rate was the highest (98.33%) at 15 ppt when the nauplii were reared until some became adults at four salinity levels (5, 10, 15, 20 ppt respectively). The highest total eproduction (334±171.6 nauplii female−1 (mean±S.D.)) and mean daily offspring (22±6.4 nauplii female−1 day−1 (mean±S.D.)) were achieved at 15 ppt over a period of life. The optimum salinity was 15 ppt for the fecundity and the naupliar survival rate, and the appropriate salinity range was 5-20 ppt. The salinity tolerance of female P. annandalei was better than the male through comparison of their survival rate at several salinity shocks and the tolerance range of female and male were 4.5–40.5 ppt and 12.9–38.7 ppt respectively during 48 h.

杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor Reeve）的胚胎发育分为4个阶段共32个发育期，其中，卵裂阶段有13个时期：受精期、第1极体放出期、第2极体放出期、2细胞分裂早期、2细胞期、4细胞期、8细胞期、16细胞期、32细胞期、64细胞期、128细胞期、桑椹期和囊胚期。胚胎发育阶段有4个时期：原肠期、担轮幼体早期、担轮幼体晚期和担轮幼体孵化瞬期。胚后发育阶段有13个时期：担轮幼体期、面盘幼虫早期、面盘幼体中期、面盘幼体后期、匍匐幼体早期、匍匐幼体中期、匍匐幼体后期、围口壳幼体早期、围口壳幼体中期、围口壳幼体后期、上足分化幼体早期、上足分化幼体中期和上足分化幼体后期。幼鲍阶段有2个时期：第1呼吸孔出现早期，第1呼吸孔出现期。在适宜水温范围内，随着水温升高，孵化期相应缩短。在水温18～34℃条件下，受精卵不同程度都能孵化，但孵化率和孵化时间则有很大差别。在水温18℃时，鲍卵从受精至开始孵化需经历11hr32min，孵化率占215%，平均孵化期为26hr15min，孵化速率为010381，周限增长率为110010/hr；而在水温22℃条件下，经过7hr30min才开始孵化，平均孵化期为23hr5min，孵化速率为010415，周限增长率为110202/hr。鲍卵受精后，在水温为2317～2815℃、盐度为3218%～3415%（比重110223～110229）的条件下，只需经23～24d就能发育为幼鲍（为第一个呼吸孔出现期）。

Seahorses are an important commercial and cultural commodity for medicinal and ornamental use. The effects of food, temperature and light intensity on the feeding behavior of juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, were investigated. All four age groups of juveniles (5-day, 10-day, 15-day and 30-day groups) tested had only one feeding peak in the afternoon, but the time of the peak differed significantly among groups. The major feeding peak of the 5-day and 30-day groups was at 1430h, the 10-day group at 1630-1830h and the 15-day group at 1630h (P<0.05). For the first 3days, the juveniles preferred copepod (Pseudodiaptomus annandalei) nauplii and Moina (Moina mongolia) nauplii. They altered their feed to copepodites from 4days to 10days and, over 10days, they began to eat copepod adults and Moina. The abilities of juveniles to digest and assimilate their feed were related to developmental stages. It took to digest the feed entirely, 2.5h at 5days postpartum, 3.5h at 10days postpartum and 4h at 15days postpartum. Water temperature affected significantly the feeding rate of juveniles (P<0.01) with an optimum temperature at 26°C. Light intensity also affected the feeding rates of different juvenile groups (P<0.01): 1834lx was the best light intensity to feed juveniles of the 1-day group, 1014lx in the 5-day group and 510lx in the 10-day group. The relationship between the standard length and the wet weight of juveniles was found to be exponential: W=10−2.72211SL2.690562 (R2=0.984064, P<0.01). The results obtained in this investigation contribute to the aquaculture potential of H. trimaculatus.

实验用复合微生物由芽孢杆菌（Bacillus spp.）、红螺菌（Rhodospirillum spp.）、硝化细菌（Nitrobacter spp.）和硫化细菌（Thiobacillus spp.）组成，菌量比例分别为61.5%、27.3%、5.8%和5.4%。向大海马养殖池每10d使用1次，用量5mL/m3，菌液密度（2.0～2.5）×109/mL。结果表明，应用复合微生物的试验组溶解氧比对照组（不加菌） 提高了32.7%，氨氮、亚硝酸盐和硫化物含量则分别降低了76.9%、97.1%和93.3%。对照池的浮游藻类优势种为蓝藻、甲藻和隐藻，分别占浮游植物总量的35.3%、22.3%和19.6%；试验池的浮游藻类优势种为绿藻和硅藻，分别占69.0%和26.8%，其藻类多样性指数比对照组增大了1.2倍。试验池的异养菌增长率为55.3%，而对照池的异养菌增长率达274.6%。试验期间，水温23～26℃，试验组的芽孢杆菌的数量从0.15×103CFU/mL 急剧增至55.63×103CFU/mL，但对照组的仍保持在（0.13～0.38）×103CFU/mL的水平。而试验组弧菌数量比对照池的降低了2个数量级。

概述我国海马中药材的分布及品种，海马的化学成分、药理作用、医药应用研究；报道海马资源的人工工厂化健康养殖及其在保健食品、药品研究开发的前景。

报道了在人工养殖条件下，大海马（Hi ppocam pus kuda Bleeker）的体长与体重的相对生长率、生长比率及生长速度与饵料、水温等环境因子的关系。结果表明，大海马生长高峰期为5～11月，群体体长月平均增长率为12.20%，体长特定增长率为15.92%；体重月平均增重率为15.87%，体重特定增重率为27.70%，群体增重倍数为13.8。大海马体长呈逻辑斯蒂曲线增长，关系式为:L=192.3460/（1+e2.4964-0.6051M）。大海马的饵料系数为1.18，饵料转化率为0.85，体重与体长生长关系式为:W=3.1699×10-3L1.6767。

This investigtion examined the effect of varying temperatures on the gonad development and the reproduction efficiency of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. We demonstrated that gonad development, gonadosomatic index (GSI), female and male fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and survival rate of juvenile seahorses varied significantly at different temperatures (18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32℃). The periods of gonad development also differed significantly at different temperatures (F7, 32=154.065, Pb0.01). The optimal temperature was 28℃ based on the shortest developmental duration to stage V (mean±standard deviation) (85.2±6.37 days). The GSI peaked at 28℃(16.60±0.43%) and it displayed significantly higher than those of other seven trials (Pb0.01). The relationship between the GSI and the temperatures can be expressed by the following formula: Y=−1.0737t2+8.0768t+1.013 (r2=0.9894, n=30, Pb0.01). In contrast, the treatments could not develop successfully at 18 and 20℃, ending before stage II and stage III, respectively. The range from 26 to 28℃ was suggested as the optimal temperature for fecundity and spawning of H. kuda because of the large number of eggs in the ovaries. The relationship between fecundity number and temperature can also be formulated: Y=−30.536t2+209.24t+237.8 (r2=0.886, n=30, Pb0.01). There were dramatic differences for fertilization and hatching rate among different treatments (F5, 24=53.675; F5, 24=101.897, Pb0.01). Compared with control seahorses, the results indicated that the condition indices such as the GSI, fecundity, spawning, fertilization, and hatching during the early development could affect in part the survival rate of the newborn juveniles (which was also an indirect effect of temperature). However, there were no marked differences at temperatures from 24 to 28℃ with the similar high survival rate. Based on this, the temperature range from 26 to 28℃ was recommended for gonad development and artificial reproduction of H. kuda.

分别用亚心形扁藻Platym onas subcordiform is、球等鞭金藻Isochrysis galbans、亚历山大藻A lexandrium spp.、新月菱形藻N itzschia closterium、赤潮异弯藻Heterosigm a akashiwo 为饵料，研究安氏伪镖水蚤Pseudodiaptom us annandalei（Sewell,1919）的产幼量,在产幼期间，日平均产幼量分别为14.5、15.0、10.1、9.2和9.9个·d-1，平均持续产幼天数分别为12.0、9.0、12.6、7.7和3.1d。以日平均产幼数和持续产幼天数的乘积作为综合指标进行分析，结果表明亚心形扁藻综合指标值最大，但与亚历山大藻和球等鞭金藻之间无显著差异，亚心形扁藻和球等鞭金藻的差异显著高于赤潮异弯藻和新月菱形藻。赤潮异弯藻和新月菱形藻之间无显著差异。对安氏伪镖水蚤的日平均产幼量和平均持续产幼天数进行回归分析，得出一直线回归方程y=8.357+0.385x（p<0.0030），日平均产幼量和平均持续产幼天数有显著的正相关，表明优良的饵料不仅能提高安氏伪镖水蚤的日平均产幼量，而且能延长产幼期，说明饵料质量可显著地影响安氏伪镖水蚤的生殖力。

从1017尾鲻鱼（Mugil cephalus）肠道内获得寄生蠕虫9种，均为常见种类，即复殖吸虫（D igeneans）8种，棘头虫（A canthodephala）1种，总感染率为24.0%，平均感染强度8.73，种群平均密度2.10，其中惠东拟囊腔吸虫（S accocoelioides huidongensis）的感染率、感染强度和平均密度最大。鲻鱼寄生蠕虫群落多样性指数为2.0193，群落均匀度指标为0.6370。鲻鱼感染寄生蠕虫种数在1～3种之间，优势种1种，为惠东拟囊腔吸虫；次优势种3种，分别为鲻长尾吸虫（Elonginus mugilus）、单睾椭囊吸虫（Elliptobu rsasinglorchis）和圆颚针鱼新棘吻虫（Neoech inorhy nchustylosuri）；非优势种5种，分别为楔形单脏吸虫（Haplosp lanchnus cuneatus）、长形单脏吸虫（Haplosp lanchnus elongatus）、双睾原单脏吸虫（Prohaplosp lanchus diorchis）、粤东纵睾吸虫（Tandemorch is yuedongensis）和浦里单脏吸虫（Haplosp lanchnuspuii）。鲻鱼寄生蠕虫复合群落和组分群落在一年四季中均由9种蠕虫组成， 其感染率、平均感染强度和平均密度变化各有所不同，即从夏季开始，鲻鱼寄生蠕虫总感染率和各组分群落的平均密度则逐渐增高，冬季达到一个高峰，随后逐渐下降；鲻鱼寄生蠕虫复合群落的平均密度从冬季开始逐渐下降，至秋季为最低；而圆颚针鱼新棘吻虫的感染率的四季变化与8种吸虫的变化趋势差异较大，即从春末开始增大，夏季达最大值，随后维持在一个较高水平上，至春初则有所下降。9种寄生蠕虫的种间协调关系经卡方值测定，呈无明显协调关系。各种寄生蠕虫的种群分布均为聚集分布。

杂色鲍溃疡症组织的病变主要在足部和外套膜，皮下结缔组织出现大量空泡变性，肌纤维紊乱直至断裂消失，细菌在组织间隙生长。发病后期消化系统出现病变，消化功能受阻。超微结构观察表明，足部、外套膜、消化道组织细胞均发生线粒体肿胀，内嵴变少甚至消失，存在不同程度的细胞内膜性空泡，内质网膨胀，核变形，提示本病致死原因可能为能量衰竭。