研究了含有菱形相的天然石墨HT10在EC/EMC和3EC/3EMC/4PC溶剂中的电化学性能。实验结果表明：HT10不仅在EC/EMC为溶剂的电解液中能进行良好的充放电，而且在PC含量高达40%的电解液中也保持了较高的放电容量和较好的循环性能。采用循环伏安和SEM分析了充放电过程中形成SEI膜的情况，良好的SEI膜保证了锂离子的通过而阻止溶剂的共嵌入，并且观察到了石墨片层发生剥离形成的疏松多孔性的剥离产物。

中间相炭微球（MCMB）超细粉末（0.1～0.5μm），具有良好的自粘结性，经模压成型和1000℃自烧结后，可制备出弯曲强度达到134.3MPa的高密度各向同性炭材料（HDIC）。用热分析和扫描电镜等方法，探讨了此超细粉末的特性和模压工艺对坯体成型和烧结体性能的影响。实验证明，由于MCMB超细颗粒表面附着的大量小分子相互结合而形成强度较高的团聚体，使粉末颗粒难以均匀分散，严重影响着材料弯曲强度。研磨可破坏团聚体中颗粒的粘结，减少材料的烧结缺陷，提高材料性能。MCMB超细粉末表面能及粉末之间的内摩擦较大，流动性差，模压成型时采取适宜的压制力，尤其是延长压力作用时间，对材料获得理想的显微结构，缓解由压坯密度的不均匀分布、弹性后效等而导致的缺陷是非常重要的。

用热缩聚和催化缩聚两种不同工艺制备的中间相沥青及自行设计的五种喷丝板，熔融纺制出中空、条形、Y-形和圆形截面的沥青纤维。实验证明，沥青熔体的出口膨胀性是影响异形纤维特别是中空纤维纺丝成形的重要流变学参数。这一参数随中间相沥青的性质和熔体温度而变化，在较高温度下，沥青熔体的出口膨胀性减小，使得所纺制异形纤维截面的异形度降低。X-射线衍射分析结果表明，不同形状的喷丝板因其不同的当量直径，在纺丝时对熔体产生不同的剪切作用；当量直径越小，剪切作用越强，沥青分子沿纤维轴的取向度越高，因此可使其炭纤维的力学性能提高。

In a study of the preparation of Pt/C eletrocatalysts, a set of modified Vulcan XC-72 carbon black supports have been prepared by nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide oxidation, or thermal treatment in nitrogen flow. The supports obtained by these methods had largely identical pore structure, but different from the amount of surface oxygen-containing groups. The physical and surface chemical nature of the supports was characterized by XPS, BET, FTIR, and acid-base titration. The above pre-treatment-carbon supported Pt/C electrocatalysts were prepared by the impregnation-reduction method with formaldehyde as the reducing agent, H2PtCl6 as precursor. The effect of the amount of surface oxygen-containing groups of Vulcan XC-72 carbon black on the Pt/C catalysts dispersion was studied by the characterization with XRD and TEM. It was discovered that decreasing the amount of surface oxygen-containing groups on carbon supports favored the dispersion of platinum on the Pt/C catalysts.

Carbonaceous mesophase is an excellent precursor for preparing high performance carbon materials. The structure of carbonaceous mesophase could be affected by the raw material and the condensation conditions. In the present work, the influence of inorganic impurities in coal tar pitch on the structures of the mesophase formed was investigated by adding some inorganic materials, such as nano-scale silicon dioxide and micron-scale alumina. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology and cross-sectional texture of the mesophase spheres. It was found that inorganic impurities would influence the structure of the mesophase and the size of inorganic materials was a key factor for affecting the final structure of the mesophase. The microtexture of the MCMB formed in the coal tar pitch without inorganic impurities tends to be global type. Nano-scale silicon dioxide changed the forming mode of MCMB from homogeneous nucleation to heterogeneous nucleation and the MCMB formed was built up with small spheres with the size of less than 3.5μm. Micron-scale alumina particles could not change the mode of nucleation of MCMB but were enwrapped in the MCMB and distorted the microtexture layers of MCMB.

Mesophase spheres were prepared through homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation from two coal tar pitches with some and nearly without quinoline insolubles. The pitches suffered thermal condensation in a stainless steel reactor at 440 and 410℃ for 1 or 7h, respectively. SEM was introduced as a useful tool to detect the structures of the two kinds of mesophase spheres. As a result of the paper, it was found that the structure of mesophase spheres prepared through homogeneous nucleation was Brooks-Taylor type, which is consistent with the analysis result of optical microscopy. Whereas, the structures of the heterogeneous nucleation mesophase spheres were complex, which were parallel in parts of the structure.

以石油系中间相沥青为原料，在一圆形不锈钢模具中经过460℃-30min的发泡后获得了泡沫炭生料，泡沫炭生料经过氧化、炭化和石墨化处理获得了具有良好孔结构的泡沫炭。利用SEM和偏振光显微镜观察了泡沫炭的形态和孔结构，并利用XRD方法分析了炭化和石墨化泡沫炭的微观结构。发现调整发泡时模具中的自由空间可以控制泡沫炭的孔径；炭化后中泡沫炭的孔径减小，孔壁分子取向变好，石墨化后这种作用得到了强化，使泡沫炭的结构接近石墨；泡沫炭的孔壁由平直孔壁和“Y”形孔壁结构成，前者内部分子取向优于后者，且平直孔壁两侧的分子取向优于其内部分子。大孔径的泡沫炭具有更好的内部分子取向，但其微晶尺寸较小。

炭质中间相是制备炭材料，尤其是高附加值炭材料的优质前驱体。它在高性能炭纤维、超高功率电极用针状焦、锂离子二次电池负极、超高比表面积活性炭及催化剂载体、泡沫炭等领域得到了较好的应用。本文综述了原料和热缩聚条件对炭质中间相形成和发展的影响，这些影响因素包括原料的种类、热缩聚温度、反应压力和停留时间等。通过讨论指出，由于炭质中间相涉及的原料种类多样，热缩聚制备过程中涉及的反应、物相复杂，因此，在制备特定性能的产品时，应针对产品的特定性能要求来选择原料、设定热缩聚条件，以制得具有最佳结构和性能的产品。

在制备炭质中间相的过程中，为了调整中间相形成的速度、获得特种中间相产品或研究中间相的形成机理，研究者们往往向制备中间相的原料中添加某些添加剂，这些添加剂的存在对中间相的形成过程和生成方式产生了影响。另外，在外加场（如力场、磁场、电场）的作用下，中间相分子的取向发展也会受到一定的影响。本文主要讨论添加剂（包括物理添加剂和化学添加剂）存在下中间相形成的特征以及外加场（力场、磁场和电场）对中间相形成和发展的影响，并利用“粒状基本单元构筑”中间相形成理论对这些影响因素的作用机理给予了合理的解释。