光照模型在基于视觉的自由曲面图像测量领域中起着重要作用。本文介绍了Phong、Torrance-Sparrow和Cook-Torrance三种常用局部光照模型的原理和特点，应用非线性最小二乘优化方法确定了各模型的光照参数，并应用统计分析原理对各光照模型进行回归分析和比较，最后对Torrance-Sparrow光照模型加以改进，提出了一种适合于自由曲面快速测量的光照模型。

针对导弹天线罩这类薄壁复杂回转体测量的难题．提出了一种新的测量原理，研制了专门的天线罩几何参数测量仪，设计了测量的软、硬件系统。介绍了测量仪的工作原理、测量系统的构成以及误差评定和数据处理的方法，并给出了测量实践结果。测量仪使用结果表明，实现了对工件准确、快速、经济的目动测量，以及对测量结果的评定和可视化处理，取得了满意的效果。

特种加工是对传统机械加工方法的有力补充和延伸。目前，这一技术正向着自动化、柔性化、精密化、集成化、智能化和最优化方向发展；在已有的工艺不断完善和定型的同时，新的特种加工技术不断涌现；正在形成面向快速制造的特种加工技术新体系。分析总结了特种加工技术的构成、研究现状和发展趋势，构筑了面向快速制造的特种加工技术体系和技术途径。

导弹天线罩的精密加工，属于自由曲面精密加工的范畴，它对天线罩以及导弹的性能起着至关重要的作用。根据测量所得的天线罩几何表面的离散数据点．结合对其综合电气性能测试数据的处理和分析．实现原始曲面的重构，并由此构造出要求的曲面，再进行分析和规划．宴现按需去除加工，是实现对其精密加工的关键。以双三次B样条曲面方法为工具，利用其良好的几何特性以及简单有效的算法，实现了天线罩廓形曲面的重构，为在计算机上实现曲面绘制提供了理论基础。求算的等距面方程，为数控加工中刀具轨迹的规划莫定了基础。

为实现由均质材料、复合材料、功能梯度材料和功能细结构构成的理想材料零件的数字化设计制造,从非线性问题线性化角度考虑,针对理想材料零件数字化设计制造中的数据格式和切片算法问题,提出了基于三维几何实体单纯剖分的数据格式.以统一、简便的形式,完整地描述了理想材料零件的几何、拓扑和材料信息；定义了快速制造中必不可少的切片数据格式；在该数据格式的基础上,进行了理想材料零件的均匀切片算法研究,并通过实例验证了该均匀算法.

基于物体表面图像灰度信息的三维几何形状反求（由明暗恢复形状），已成为工业界和学术界研究的热点问题之一。首先给出描述该问题的数学物理模型，并利用变分原理将其转化为一个泛函的极小化问题，然后应用有限差分思想和非线性最小二乘方法，将该泛函极小化问题归结为求解线性方程组。最后利用该算法产生的迭代公式对合成图像进行计算，并应用曲面造型软件CAXA（制造工程师）进行曲面重构，从而验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。

在集成电路（IC）制造中，化学机械抛光（CMP）技术在单晶硅衬底和多层金属互连结构的层间全局平坦化方面得到了广泛应用，成为制造主流芯片的关键技术之一。然而，传统CMP技术还存在一定的缺点或局限性，人们在不断完善CMP技术的同时，也在不断探索和研究新的平坦化技术。在分析传统CMP技术的基础上，介绍了固结磨料CMP、无磨料CMP、电化学机械平坦化、无应力抛光、接触平坦化和等离子辅助化学蚀刻等几种硅片平坦化新技术的原理和特点以及国内外平坦化技术的未来发展。

An analysis of the cutting performance of multipass abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining is presented based on an experimental investigation on an 87% alumina ceramic. It is shown that with a good combination of cutting parameters such as nozzle traverse speed, multipass cutting demonstrates distinct superiority over the single pass cutting. Plausible trends of kerf quality and depth of cut with respect to the number of passes, nozzle traverse speed and nozzle traverse direction are analyzed. A general guide for the selection of cutting parameters in multipass cutting is finally presented based on the analysis.

The radome is a revolution shell part made of hard and brittle material and has 3-D complex curved surface. The electric thickness of the radome is an important electromagnetic performance index, determined by the geometric thickness and the dielectric constant of the material. For the semi-finished radome, its electric thickness can usually not meet the requirement of the design owing to the error of the geometric thickness and the non-uniformity of the dielectric constant of the material. Therefore, it is necessary to precisely grind the inner surface of the radome to compensate the electric thickness error by altering the geometric thickness. To this end, a three-axis CNC precision measuring and grinding machine tool, which is controlled by a industrial personal computer (IPC) and a programmable multi-Axis controller (PMAC), was designed and developed. In order to avoid installation errors caused by separate loading operation and to ensure the grinding accuracy, the measuring and grinding process of the radome are accomplished in the same installing position on the machine tool in a manner of "once-loading and two-step-operation". First, the inner surface is precisely measured to set up a process datum and then, the finish grinding process is performed based on the datum and the required grinding allowance in the machine tool. It is shown in practice that the radome ground by the machine tool satisfies the requirement for the precision of the electric thickness.

Numerical instabilities are often encountered in FE solution of continuum topology optimization. The essence of the numerical instabilities is given from the inverse partial differential equation (PDE) point of view. On the basis of the strict mathematical theory, a novel method, named as window filter and multi-grid method, which solves the numerical instabilities, is proposed. Convergent analyses and a numerical example are presented.