秦岭造山带中夹持大量前寒武纪岩层、地块，筛除后期改造与变位，追踪复原，它们复杂而多样，不仅是秦岭造山带研究的基础，也是研究早期中国大陆壳形成演化的关键地带。现有的地质、地球化学研究，揭示秦岭区早前寒武纪具非统一多陆块分离拼合特征，晚期已成为早期华北陆块的边缘带。中新元古代相应于GrenvilIian造山事件和Rodinia超大陆全球性构造时期，秦岭区从扩张裂谷系与小洋盆兼杂并存的垂向加积增生构造体制向侧向增生为主的板块构造转换过渡，具有深刻地慢动力学背景，独具特征，富有重要大陆动力学探索意义。

秦岭造带由三大套构造岩石地层单位所构成，即1、二类不同的前寒武纪基底岩系；2、晚元古代中三叠世主造山时期受板块构造和垂向增生构造控制的相关构造岩石地层单元；3、中新生代后造山工作期的陆内断陷与前陆和后陆盐地沉积及广泛的花岗岩浆活动。它们映着秦岭带三个主要演化时期，在不同构造体制下的三种不同的基本地壳物质组成与结构。它们记录着秦岭造山带长期发展历史中的不同演化阶段的多种造山作用及其不同动力学机制的丰富信息。

“中央造山带”的提法响亮、瞩目，但其真正含义应加以分析、思考。从地理山脉综合分析表明它们不是统一山脉，但现实却出现一带山系，横贯中国大陆中央，故地理上可笼而统之称其为一道“中央山系”。地质含义分析证明它们不是统一造山带，但祁连、昆仑、秦岭和大别可为广义统一造山带，是东古特提斯和中国大陆完成其主体最后拼合的关键地带之一。研究“中央造山系”有以下几个关键问题：（1）新生代，尤其是新第三纪以来中央造山系有无正在东西向裂解趋势，它与环境、灾害发展趋势有无关系?（2）中新生代中央各造山带有无统一形成背景与机制；（3）古特提斯与“中央造山系”的关系；（4）中央造山系有无统一格局的早古生代板块构造演化，其中新元古代构造基础又是什么?（5）中央造山系的共性与特性是什么、大地构造特殊意义是什么等等。研究中央造山系，应以大陆板块构造和大陆动力学为学术指导思想，立足于中国地质实际，面向全球，建立研究基地，开展多学科综合全方位研究，采用新思维、新观念、新方法，重新审视大陆和中国大陆，发展探索大陆动力学，为建立新的造山带理论与研究方法而努力，以在当代地学发展前沿领域促进地学和社会发展。

On the basis of synthetic studies of geology, geophysics and geochemistry, the present Qinling Orogenic Belt can be described as a 3-d "flyover-type" geometricmode lwith rheological layering structures. Furthermore, the tectonic dynamic analyses have been done on the structural geometryand kinematic features. Thus it can be concluded that its present structure has resulted from an adjustment of deep-seated mantle dynamics and lithosphere coupling relationship sinoe the Mesozoic-Cenozoic time.

The Qinling orogen has 2 kinds of orogenic' basements. The main orogenic phase was characterized by the oblique subduction and collision of 3 plates at 2 suture zones. There are a number of vertical aocretionary structaires under the control of deep-seated thermo-tectonic processes. The present 3-D model of the, Qinling is a "flyover-like" framework. Deep geophysical "field is featured by nearly south-north-trending anomalies, while the upper crust is dominated by east-west-trending structures. Between them are the middle and lower crusts which are in a rheological state of the horizontally flattening. Fundamental structures of the upper crust was built during the main orogenic phase, which contains residual structures and is intensively superposed by the late intracontinental tectonism. This tectomc model for the Qinling orogen is distinct from the existing ones in that it represents a complicated development of diverse tectonic regimes. This model cannot be either interpreted by an individual existing model. eollisional tectonics, vertical accrefionary growth, Qinling 3-D "flyover-like" model.

The Mianlue tectonic zone (Mianlue zone), an ancient suture zone in addition to the Shangdan suture in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, marks an important tectonic division geologically separating north from south and connecting east with west in China continent. To determine present structural geometry and kinematics in the Mianlue tectonic zone and to reconstruct the formation and evolution history involving plate subduction and collision in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, through a multidisciplinary study, are significant for exploring the mountain-building orogenesis of the central orogenic system and the entire process of the major Chinese continental amalgamation during the. Indosinian.

The Qinling is a composite orogen which experienced three different developmental stages under distinct tectonic regimes. The main stage (Neo-Proterozoic Middle Triassic) of the orogenic evolution is a prolonged and complicated process, and characterized by subduction and collision "along two suture zones between three plates. The details of the orogenic processes, such as transition from rift system to plate-tectonic regime, from drifting to subduction and collision, and especially from point-contact initial collision through linear-contact collision to fully collisional orogeny, demonstrate that the Qinling was built up by dispersion, integration and accretion of a number of crustal blocks in Tethy'an domain, and evolved under the influence of variation in coupling relationship between both ancient and modern mantle dynamics and lithosphere. rift tectonics, plate tectonics, continental tectonics, orogenic process.

Zhang, G, -W, Bai, Y.-B., Sun, Y., Guo, A, -L., Zhou. D. -W. and Li, T. -H., 1985. Composition and evolution of the Archaean crust in central Henan, China, Precambrian Res., 27: 7-35

The Qinling mountains are a typical composite continental orogenic belt which underwent various vstages of evolution characterized by different tectonic regimes. Its late Proterozoic to early Mesozoic evolution was dominated by plate subduction and collision processes. The Shangdan fault zone marks the major suture which resulted from the plate subduction and collision and represents the basic division in both the superficial geology and the deep-seated crustal structure of the Qinling mountains. It is not a simple fault zone but an intricate geologic terrane, characterized by a prolonged and complicated history. It is referred to as Shangdan boundary fault terrane or Shangdan zone for short. The Shangdan zone consists chiefly of five parts: (I) fault systems as marked by various types of mylonite and cataclasite, (2) tectonic assemblages of Danfeng ophiolite blocks, (3) tectonic assemblages of obducted slices of a sedimentary prism, (4) granitic rocks related to orogenic processes of subduction and collision, and (5) basins controlled by late brittle faults. The evolution of the Shangdan zone can be traced through three major stages: the Caledonian period of subduction, the lndosinian period of collision and orogeny. and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic period of intra plate deformationm, among which the Indosmiaan peried marks the most importam stage in its development. In brief, the Shangdan zone is the major division between the ancient lithospheric plates in the Qinling belt and extends deep into the upper mantle.

The Qinling orogen is a composite continental orogen with a complex evolutionary history. During the Early and Middle Proterozoic, it was a continental rift; in the late Proterozoic, it began to be part of a plate tectonic regime; from the Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic, it was involved in subduction-collision between three plates; and in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, it was affected by intracontinental postorogenic tectonism. The Qinling orogen has a flyover-shaped, 3-D lithospheric architecture. Palaeozoic. Two limited oceans originated dunng this time and the Qinling microplate was then separated from the north China plate and the Yangtze plate. Subduction of oceanic crust took place in the Early and Middle Palaeozoic, accompanied by coeval vertical underplating and accretion. Continent-continent collision occurred from the Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic in an oblique and diachronous fashion, creating two major suture zones, that is, the northern Shangdan suture zone and the southern Mianlue suture zone. Intense Mesozoic-enozoic intracontinent orogeny brought about rapid uplift and eventually formed the present-day Qinling.