This paper presents inexpensive methods for selfsimilarity based editing of real-world 3D surface textures. Unlike self-similarity based 2D texture editing approaches which only make changes to pixel color or intensity values, these techniques also allow surface geometry, reflectance and other representations of the captured 3D surface textures to be edited and relit using illumination directions that differ from those of the original. A single editing operation at a given location affects all similar areas and produces changes on all images of the sample rendered under different conditions. We perform painting, cloning and warping operations over two sets of 3D surface texture representations: (1) surface height and albedo maps, and (2) eigen base images. The surface height and albedo maps are commonly used for bump mapping, and eigen base images can be used for representing 3D surface textures with complex reflectance. The result representations can be efficiently used in modern computer graphics packages for real-time applications as rendering process only requires simple graphics calculations such as weighted sums of base images.

This paper proposes a method to estimate the parameters of an illumination model and then uses these parameters for the synthesis of specular surface textures. We used the relationship between surface gradient maps in the frequency domain as a constraint for the separation of diffuse and specular components. During the estimation, we always keep errors between the real images and reconstructed images as small as possible. The estimated parameters form sample surface representation maps, which are then used as inputs for the synthesis of large representation maps. The synthesized representation maps are finally relit using the illumination model to produce new images under arbitrary illumination directions.

We present and compare five approaches for synthesizing and relighting real 3D surface textures. We adapted Efros's texture quilting method and combined it with five different relighting representations, comprising: a set of three photometric images; surface gradient and albedo maps; polynomial texture maps; and two eigen based representations using 3 and 6 base images. We used twelve real textures to perform quantitative tests on the relighting methods. We develop a systematic qualitative test for the assessment of the complete synthesis systems. Our conclusion is that the cheaper gradient and threebase-image eigen methods should be used in preference to the other methods, especially where the surfaces are Lambertian or near Lambertian.

This paper presents and compares six novel approaches for capturing, synthesising and relighting real 3D surface textures. Unlike 2D texture synthesis these techniques allow the captured textures to be relit using illumination conditions, and viewing angles, that differ from those of original. Our approaches each comprise two stages: synthesis and relighting. Synthesis can be applied either before or after relighting. The relighting stage is implemented in three different ways: using image-based, gradientbased, and height-based approaches. Thus there are a total of six different ways in which we may combine these functions. We present a representative set of results selected from our experiments with 30 textures. The best images are obtained when image-based or gradient-based relighting is used after synthesis.

本文首先给出了几种模糊向量排序法，由此建立了新的综合评判的数学模型，并用于反避税工作中企业利润评估，得到了较好的效果。文章最后对综合评判有关问题进行了讨论。