Alkylation of isobutane and butene was carried out in a continuous unit using triethylamine ydrochloride-aluminium (Ⅲ) chloride ionic liquid as catalyst. The effects of additives of HCl and metal chlorides on the properties of ionic liquids for alkylation were investigated. Improvement of production distribution with high yields of C8 and selectivity of TMP under a mild reaction condition has been observed after addition of CuCl.

The reaction of the greenhouse gas, CO2, with Ca(OH)2 was explored using single-particle Raman spectroscopy to track the chemical reaction. Single particles were levitated in an electrodynamic balance (EDB) to maintain the particle in a laser beam. The levitation voltage provided gravimetric data. The humidity in the EDB chamber was varied to determine the effects of humidity on the reaction. It is demonstrated that no appreciable reaction occurs at low relative humidities (RH<70%). This is evidenced by no disappearance of the Raman peak associated with the [OH]-vibrational bond, but at high humidities (RH>70%) the Raman spectrum of CaCO3 developed as the reaction proceeded. The results are consistent with results from packed-bed studies of the reaction and are in agreement with similar findings for the SO2/Ca (OH) 2 reaction used for desulfurization, that is, the reaction does not proceed until multiple monolayers of water are adsorbed on the particle surface.

The selective oxidatiou of n-butane to maleic allhydride (MA) oll a vanadium-phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalyst was studied using on-line gas-chronlatogr&phy combined with mass spectrometry (GH-MS) and transient response technique. The reaction intermediates, butene and furan were found ill the reaction elfluent under near industrial feed condition (3% butane+15% O2), while dihydrofuran was detected at high butane concentratiori (12 butane. 502). Some intermediates of MA decomposition were also identified. Detection of these intermediates shows that the vanadium phosphorus oxides are able to dehydrogenate butane to butene, and butene furl her to form MA. Based on these observations, a modified scheme of reaction network is proposed. The transient expetrinents show that butane in the gas phase may directly react with oxygen both on the surface and from the metal oxlde lattice, without a proceeding adsorption step. (Gas phase oxygen can be adsorbed and transformed to surface lattice oxygen but it can not participate in selective oxidation. Adsorbed oxygen leads to deep oxidation, while lattice oxygen leads to selective oxidation.

Oxidation of vanadium pyrophosphate (VPO) to the orthophosphatewas investigated by temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and by weight gain measurements in a TGA unit as a model for the re-oxidation of a catalyst in a two-bed process in the partial oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride (MA). It was demonstrated by FTIR observations that the weight gain corresponds to the VPO oxidation. The results of separate measurements of a catalyst alternatively exposed to oxygen and to a stream containing butane should also be applicable to a VPO catalyst employed in a two-bed process. The VPO oxidation measurements demonstrate that re-oxidation of a VPO catalyst in a two-bed process should be carried out at a higher temperature than the butane partial oxidation. When this is carried out, significant performance improvements in the two-bed process are observed.