As an emerging approach for unified resource accounting and energy-utilization assessment for the transportation sector, the exergy method to embody the second law fo thermodynamics is investigated and applied to the energy-utilization assessment of the Chinese transport sector from 1978 to 2002. The exergy consumed by the sector in 2000 was 3.3 times that in 1978. The exergy of the oil consumed by transportation accounted for 30.5% of the total oil consumption in the whole country up to 2000, almost equal to the exergy of the net oil import. In terms of the exergy consumption intersity, taken as the exergy consumption per Converted Tumover, proposed to assess the overall effectiveness of the system, and conventional exergy efficiency to reflect the technical performance of involved transport vehicles, both the energy-utilization effectiveness and efficiency of the sector have been declining generally. Waterways transport was proved the most effective one, and railways, highways and clvil aviation were the second, third and fourth, respectively.The historical evolution and structural variation of energy use in terms of the total exergy consumption, exergy effciency and exergy consumption intensity are revealed and explored against drastic backgrud transitions in related policies and socioeconomies.

本文通过研究人与环境的辩证关系，提出了物质生产，人的生产和环境生产是可持续发展系统的基本模型，分析了三种生产之间的和谐关系，并对深化环境影响评价、开展环境建设、建立新伙伴关系等问题进行了探讨。

A perturbational h4 compact exponential finite difference scheme with diagonally dominant coefficient matrix and upwind effect is developed for the convective diffusion equation. Perturbations of second order arerted on the convective coefficients and source term of an h2 exponential finite difference scheme proposed in this paper based on a transtormation to eliminate the upwind effect of the convective diffusion equation. Four numerical examples including one to three-dimensional model equations of fluid flow and a problem of natural convective heat transfer are given to illustrate the excellent behavior of the present exponential schemes. Besides, the h4 accuracy of the perturbational scheme is vernfied using double precision arithmetic.

A compact fourth-order upwind finite difference scheme, which takes classieal first-order upwind scheme as basic representation and thus has no grid Reynoldsaumber limitarion, is developed for the convection including model equations of fluid flow and a problem of high Rayleigh-number natural convection with boundary-layer effect are given to illustrate the excellent behavior of the present scheme.

This study deals with the formulation, mathematical property and phydival meaning of the simplified Navier-Stokes (SNS) eguations. The tensorial SNS equations proposed is the simplest in, form and is applicable to flow tields with arbitrary body boundaries. The zones of influence and dependence of the SNS equations, which are of primary importance to numerical solutions, are expounded for the first rime from the viewpoint of subcharacteristics. Besides, a detailed snalysis of the diffusion process in flow fields shows that the diffnsion effect has an influence zone globalty windward and an upwind propagation greatly depressed by, convection. The maximum upwind influential distance of the viscous effect and the relative importance of the viscous effect in the flow direction to that in the direction normal to the flow are represented by the Reynolds number, which illustrates the conversion of the complete Navier-Stokes (MS) equarions to the SNS equations for flows with large Reynolds numher.